Journal of Ravishankar University

Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh

PART-B

(SCIENCE)

ISSN: 0970-5910

Abstract View

Submit Article

A Comprehensive Exploration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Environmental Origins, Analytical Techniques, Health Implications, and Remediation Strategies

Author(s): Aayushi Pathak, Anand Kumar, Ramsingh Kurrey, Sudhir Yadav, T. L. Chandra

Email(s): sudhirforensi@gmail.com

Address: Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh India
Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh India
National Center for Natural Resources, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur Chhattisgarh, India.
Department of Forensic Science, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh India
State Forensic Science Laboratory Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

*Corresponding Author: sudhirforensi@gmail.com

Published In:   Volume - 39,      Issue - 1,     Year - 2026

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2026-39-1-6  

 View HTML        View PDF

ABSTRACT:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons represent persistent organic pollutants are pervasively distributed throughout diverse environmental matrices, encompassing air, water, soil, sediments, and biological tissues. These compounds primarily originate from incomplete combustion of organic materials, stemming from both anthropogenic and natural sources. Owing to their pronounced hydrophobic and lipophilic nature, PAHs readily accumulate in environmental and biotic compartments, thereby promoting bioaccumulation and posing potential adverse effects on ecosystems and human health. Many PAHs exhibit toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic properties, thereby eliciting substantial concerns for environmental integrity and public well-being. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of PAH sources, environmental distribution, transport processes, toxicological profiles, analytical methods, and remediation strategies, with special emphasis placed on advanced analytical techniques, including gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, and refined microextraction procedures, for the qualitative and quantitative determination of PAHs in complex matrices. Innovations such as nanotechnology-enhanced remediation, photocatalytic degradation, and bioremediation frameworks are also evaluated; moreover, existing analytical challenges, research gaps, and future directions for effective PAH surveillance and abatement are articulated.

Keywords:

Cite this article:
Pathak, Kumar, Kurrey,Yadav and Chandra (2026). A Comprehensive Exploration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Environmental Origins, Analytical Techniques, Health Implications, and Remediation Strategies. Journal of Ravishankar University (Part-B: Science), 39(1), pp. 100-132. DOI:https://doi.org/10.52228/JRUB.2026-39-1-6


References

  Abdel‐Shafy, H. I., & Mansour, M. S. M. (2015). A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 25(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.011

  Adeniji, A. O., Okoh, O. O., & Okoh, A. I. (2018). Analytical Methods for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their Global Trend of Distribution in Water and Sediment: A Review [Review of Analytical Methods for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their Global Trend of Distribution in Water and Sediment: A Review]. InTech eBooks. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71163

  Ahammed, G. J., Zhou, Y., Xia, X., Mao, W., Shi, K., & Yu, J. (2012). Brassinosteroid regulates secondary metabolism in tomato towards enhanced tolerance to phenanthrene. Biologia Plantarum, 57(1), 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-012-0128-9

  Ailijiang, N., Zhong, N., Zhou, X., Mamat, A., Chang, J., Cao, S., Hua, Z., & Li, N. (2022). Levels, sources, and risk assessment of PAHs residues in soil and plants in urban parks of Northwest China. Scientific Reports, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25879-8

  Akinboye, A. J., & Lee, J.-G. (2025). Analytical techniques for the detection of benzo[a]pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food. Food Science and Preservation, 32(6), 978–995. https://doi.org/10.11002/fsp.2025.32.6.978

  Albero, B., Tadeo, J. L., & Pérez, R. A. (2019). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of organic contaminants. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 118, 739–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.07.007

  Albinet, A., Leoz-Garziandia, E., Budzinski, H., & ViIlenave, E. (2007). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitrated PAHs and oxygenated PAHs in ambient air of the Marseilles area (South of France): Concentrations and sources. The Science of The Total Environment, 384, 280–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.04.028

  Al-Nasir, F., Hijazin, T., Al-Alawi, M., Jiries, A., Al‐Madanat, O., Mayyas, A., Al-Dalain, S. A., Al-Dmour, R. S., Alahmad, A., & Batarseh, M. (2022). Accumulation, Source Identification, and Cancer Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Different Jordanian Vegetables. Toxics, 10(11), 643–643. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110643

  Amato‐Lourenço, L. F., Saiki, M., Saldiva, P. H. N., & Mauad, T. (2017). Influence of Air Pollution and Soil Contamination on the Contents of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Vegetables Grown in Urban Gardens of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2017.00077

  Anyahara, J. N. (2021). Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the Environment: A Systematic Review [Review of Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the Environment: A Systematic Review]. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research, 12–26. https://doi.org/10.46654/ij.24889849.e7303

  Bakker, M., Vorenhout, M., Sijm, D. T. H. M., & Kollöffel, C. (1999). Dry deposition of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in three Plantago species. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 18(10), 2289–2294. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620181025

  Baran, A., Tarnawski, M., Urbański, K., Klimkowicz‐Pawlas, A., & Spałek, I. (2017). Concentration, sources and risk assessment of PAHs in bottom sediments. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(29), 23180–23195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9944-y

  Bari, Md. A., Baumbach, G., Kuch, B., & Scheffknecht, G. (2010). Particle-phase concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air of rural residential areas in southern Germany. Air Quality Atmosphere & Health, 3(2), 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-009-0057-8

  Bendouz, M., Tran, L. H., Coudert, L., Mercier, G., & Blais, J. (2017). Optimization of PAHs Oxidation from a Concentrate of Soil Attrition Using Potassium Permanganate. Soil and Sediment Contamination An International Journal, 26(6), 605–622. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2017.1367754

  Berríos-Rolón, P. J., Cotto, M., & Márquez, F. (2025). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Freshwater Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Sources, Distribution, and Ecotoxicological Impacts. Toxics, 13(4), 321–321. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13040321

  Beygisangchin, M., Jakmunee, J., Kamarudin, S. K., Baghdadi, A. H., Saetang, S., & Thipprasert, S. (2026). A critical review of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their adverse effects on human health: insights from the past six years. Environmental Sciences Europe. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-026-01367-y

  Bonner, R. F., & Hopfgartner, G. (2022). The Origin and Implications of Artifact Ions in Bioanalytical LC–MS. LCGC North America, 10–13. https://doi.org/10.56530/lcgc.na.pd4884b8

  Botello, A. V., Ponce-Vélez, G., Armstrong‐Altrin, J. S., Fragoso, S. V., & Velandia-Aquino, L. B. (2023). Concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from the Tampamachoco lagoon, Tuxpan River mouth, Gulf of Mexico. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 16(10). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11662-0

  Bourguignon, N., Irazusta, V., Isaac, P., Estévez, C., Maizel, D., & Ferrero, M. A. (2019). Identification of proteins induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and proposal of the phenanthrene catabolic pathway in Amycolatopsis tucumanensis DSM 45259. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 175, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.071

  Brimo, K., Garnier, P., Lafolie, F., Séré, G., & Ouvrard, S. (2017). In situ long-term modeling of phenanthrene dynamics in an aged contaminated soil using the VSOIL platform. The Science of The Total Environment, 239–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.089

  Cabrerizo, A., Dachs, J., Moeckel, C., Ojeda, M. E. F., Caballero, G., Barceló,  ‪Damià, & Jones, K. C. (2011). Ubiquitous Net Volatilization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Soils and Parameters Influencing Their Soil−Air Partitioning. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(11), 4740–4747. https://doi.org/10.1021/es104131f

  Cam, D., Gagni, S., Meldolesi, L., & Galletti, G. C. (2000). Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediment Using Solid-Phase Microextraction with Gas Chromatography--Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 38(2), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/38.2.55

  Campos, I., & Abrantes, N. (2021). Forest fires as drivers of contamination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 24, 100293–100293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2021.100293

  Candraningrat, I. D. A. A. D., Santika, A. A. G. J., Dharmayanti, I. A. M. S., & Prayascita, P. W. (2021). REVIEW KEMAMPUAN METODE GC-MS DALAM IDENTIFIKASI FLUNITRAZEPAM TERKAIT DENGAN ASPEK FORENSIK DAN KLINIK. Jurnal Kimia, 12–12. https://doi.org/10.24843/jchem.2021.v15.i01.p03

  Carvalho, F. I. M., Filho, H. A. D., & Dantas, K. das G. F. (2019). Simultaneous determination of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in groundwater by GC-FID after solid-phase extraction. SN Applied Sciences, 1(7). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0839-z

  Cave, M., Wragg, J., Beriro, D. J., Vane, C. H., Thomas, R., Riding, M. J., & Taylor, C. (2018). An overview of research and development themes in the measurement and occurrences of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in dusts and particulates [Review of An overview of research and development themes in the measurement and occurrences of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in dusts and particulates]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 360, 373–390. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.08.038

  Cavé‐Radet, A., Salmon, A., Lima, O., Aïnouche, M. L., & Amrani, A. E. (2018). Increased tolerance to organic xenobiotics following recent allopolyploidy in Spartina (Poaceae). Plant Science, 280, 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.11.005

  Chattopadhyay, B., Chatterjee, A., & Mukhopadhyay, S. K. (2002). Bioaccumulation of metals in the East Calcutta wetland ecosystem. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management, 5(2), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980290031848

  Chaurasiaa, J., Ghimireyb, V., & Marahattac, S. (2024). UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS:SOIL, ENVIRONMENT, AND HUMAN HEALTH. Environment & Ecosystem Science, 8(2), 88–91. https://doi.org/10.26480/ees.02.2024.88.91

  Chen, B., Inbaraj, B. S., & Hsu, K. (2022). Recent advances in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food and water [Review of Recent advances in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food and water]. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 30(4), 494–522. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.3429

  Chen, J., Xia, X., Wang, H., Zhai, Y., Xi, N., Lin, H., & Wen, W. (2019). Uptake pathway and accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in spinach affected by warming in enclosed soil/water-air-plant microcosms. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 379, 120831–120831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120831

  Chen, P. (2012). Determination of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic products by HPLC-Fluorescence.

  Contreras-Ramos, S. M., Álvarez-Bernal, D., & Dendooven, L. (2007). Dynamics of nitrogen in a PAHs contaminated soil amended with biosolid or vermicompost in the presence of earthworms. Chemosphere, 67(10), 2072–2081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.069

  Contreras-Soto, M. B., Medrano‐Félix, J. A., Q, C. C., Ibarra-Rodríguez, J., Martínez-Urtaza, J., & Campo, N. C. (2019). Revista Bio Ciencias, 6. https://doi.org/10.15741/revbio.06.nesp.e540

  Crnković, D., Sekulić, Z., Antonović, D., Marinković, А., Popović, S., Nikolić, J., & Drmanić, S. (2020). Origins of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments from the Danube and Sava Rivers and Their Tributaries in Serbia. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 29(3), 2101–2110. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/111319

  Cutter, G. A., Andersson, P., Codispoti, L., Croot, P., François, R., Lohan, M. C., Obata, H., & Loeff, M. M. R. van der. (2010). Sampling and Sample-handling Protocols for GEOTRACES Cruises. Journal of Oral Science, 45(2), 107–110. https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.45.107

  Danlami, J. M., Arsad, A., Zaini, M. A. A., & Sulaiman, H. (2014). A comparative study of various oil extraction techniques from plants. Reviews in Chemical Engineering, 30(6). https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2013-0038

  Derafshi, M., Matin, N. H., & حسنی, ا. (2022). A short review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination [Review of A short review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination]. Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae, 25(2), 174–180. Slovak University of Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2022-0021

  Desalme, D., Binet, P., & Chiapusio, G. (2013). Challenges in Tracing the Fate and Effects of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Deposition in Vascular Plants. Environmental Science & Technology, 47(9), 3967–3981. https://doi.org/10.1021/es304964b

  Dreyer, A., Nickel, S., & Schröder, W. (2018). (Persistent) Organic pollutants in Germany: results from a pilot study within the 2015 moss survey. Environmental Sciences Europe, 30(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-018-0172-y

  Drooge, B. L. van, Prats, R. M., Flo, C. J., & Grimalt, J. O. (2022). Determination of subpicogram levels of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for personal exposure monitoring assessment. Research Square (Research Square). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2024914/v1

  Drooge, B. L. van, Prats, R. M., Jaén, C., & Grimalt, J. O. (2023). Determination of subpicogram levels of airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for personal exposure monitoring assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-10953-z

  Ehrenhauser, F. S. (2011). Photochemical Reaction Products of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Adsorbed at an Air-Water Interface. https://doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.530

  El-Ramady, H., Alshaal, T., El-Henawy, A., Abdalla, N., Taha, H., Elmahrouk, M., Shalaby, T., Elsakhawy, T., Omara, A. E.-D., El-Marsafawy, S., Elhawat, N., & Shehata, S. A. (2017). Environmental Nanoremediation under Changing Climate. Environment, Biodiversity and Soil Security, 1(2017), 190–200. https://doi.org/10.21608/jenvbs.2017.1550.1009

  Fellet, G., Poščić, F., Licen, S., Marchiol, L., Musetti, R., Tolloi, A., Barbieri, P., & Zerbi, G. (2016). PAHs accumulation on leaves of six evergreen urban shrubs: A field experiment. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 7(5), 915–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.05.007

  Feng, D., Liu, Y., Gao, Y., Zhou, J., Zheng, L., Qiao, G., Ma, L., Lin, Z., & Grathwohl, P. (2017). Atmospheric bulk deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Shanghai: Temporal and spatial variation, and global comparison. Environmental Pollution, 230, 639–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.022

  Feng, Y., Li, Z., & Li, W. (2025). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Environmental Persistence and Human Health Risks. Natural Product Communications, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x241311451

  Flasch, M., Kistler, M., Kirchsteiger, B., & Kasper‐Giebl, A. (2016). Solvent effects on extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient aerosol samples. E3S Web of Conferences, 10, 21–21. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20161000021

  Germán‐Hernández, M., Crespo‐Llabrés, P., Pino, V., Ayala, J. H., & Afonso, A. M. (2013). Utilization of an ionic liquid in situ preconcentration method for the determination of the 15 + 1 European Union polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water and fruit‐tea infusions. Journal of Separation Science, 36(15), 2496–2506. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.201300393

  Ghetu, C. C., Scott, R. P., Wilson, G., Liu-May, R., & Anderson, K. A. (2021). Improvements in identification and quantitation of alkylated PAHs and forensic ratio sourcing. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 413(6), 1651–1664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-03127-0

  Ghosal, D., Ghosh, S., Dutta, T. K., & Ahn, Y. (2016). Current State of Knowledge in Microbial Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): A Review [Review of Current State of Knowledge in Microbial Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): A Review]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01369

  Gomes, M. P. (2025). Nanophytoremediation: advancing phytoremediation efficiency through nanotechnology integration. Discover Plants., 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44372-025-00090-x

  Gopinath, V., Giribabu, N., Mohan, P. S., Barathan, M., Govindarajan, V. K., Mani, A., Rahman, P. S. A., & Karsani, S. A. (2024). Environmental impact and human health effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and remedial strategies: A detailed review. Chemosphere, 351, 141227–141227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141227

  Guiñez, M., Martínez, L. D., Fernández, L. P., & Cerutti, S. (2016). Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop and fluorescence detection for the determination of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. Microchemical Journal, 131, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2016.10.020

  Han, Y., Bandowe, B. A. M., Chen, W., Cao, J., Wilcke, W., Wang, G., Ni, H., Zhang, J., An, Z., & Yan, B. (2014). Stronger association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with soot than with char in soils and sediments. Chemosphere, 119, 1335–1345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.02.021

  Hartmann, R. (1996). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Forest Soils: Critical Evaluation of a New Analytical Procedure. International Journal of Environmental & Analytical Chemistry, 62(2), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319608027062

  Hassan, S. K., El-Mekawy, A., Shetaya, W. H., Alghamdi, M. A., Nawab, J., Tariq, A., & Khoder, M. I. (2025). Atmospheric fine organic (PAHs) aerosols in Dokki urban area at Greater Cairo, Egypt: A comprehensive analysis of seasonal characterization, source apportionment and exposure implications. Earth Systems and Environment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-025-00720-0

  He, F., Yu, H., Shi, H., Li, X., Chu, S., Huo, C., & Liu, R. (2021). Behavioural, Histopathological, Genetic and Organism-Wide Responses to Phenanthrene-Induced Oxidative Stress in Eisenia Fetida Earthworms in Natural Soil Microcosms. Research Square (Research Square). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1011942/v1

  Ho, S. S. H., & Yu, J. Z. (2004). In-injection port thermal desorption and subsequent gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in atmospheric aerosol samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 1059, 121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.10.013

  Hossain, M. I., Yi, D. K., & Kim, S. (2026). Recent Advances in Nanomaterial-Based and Colorimetric Technologies for Detecting Illicit Drugs and Environmental Toxins. Applied Sciences, 16(2), 693–693. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020693

  Hrdina, A., Kohale, I. N., Kaushal, S., Kelly, J. M., Selin, N. E., Engelward, B. P., & Kroll, J. H. (2022). The Parallel Transformations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Body and in the Atmosphere. Environmental Health Perspectives, 130(2), 25004–25004. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp9984

  Hsieh, P.-C., Jen, J., Lee, C., & Chang, K.-C. (2014). Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Water Samples by Microwave-Assisted Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction. Environmental Engineering Science, 32(4), 301–309. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2014.0295

  Hu, T., Mao, Y., Ke, Y.-P., Liu, W., Cheng, C., Shi, M., Zhang, Z., Zhang, J., Qi, S., & Xing, X. (2021). Spatial and seasonal variations of PAHs in soil, air, and atmospheric bulk deposition along the plain to mountain transect in Hubei province, central China: Air-soil exchange and long-range atmospheric transport. Environmental Pollution, 291, 118139–118139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118139

  Isosaari, P., Piskonen, R., Ojala, P., Voipio, S., Eilola, K., Lehmus, E., & Itävaara, M. (2006). Integration of electrokinetics and chemical oxidation for the remediation of creosote-contaminated clay. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 144, 538–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.10.068

  Itodo, A., Sha’Ato, R., & Arowojolu, M. I. (2018). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples from a Nigerian bitumen seepage: Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry quantification. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 53(4), 319–326. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v53i4.39197

  Itoh, N., Numata, M., & Yarita, T. (2007). Evaluation of Behavioral Differences between Native Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and 13C-Labeled Internal Standards during Clean-up Steps of Analysis. Analytical Sciences, 23(10), 1245–1248. https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.23.1245

  Jalili, V., Barkhordari, A., & Ghiasvand, A. (2020). Liquid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A review [Review of Liquid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A review]. Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, 39(1), 1–19. De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/revac-2020-0101

  Jia, J., Bi, C., Jin, X., Zeng, Y., Deng, L., Wang, X., & Chen, Z. (2020). Uptake, translocation, and risk assessment of PAHs in contaminated soil-air-vegetable systems based on a field simulation experiment. Environmental Pollution, 271, 116361–116361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116361

  Jinadasa, B. K. K. K., Monteau, F., & Morais, S. (2020). Critical review of micro-extraction techniques used in the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biological, environmental and food samples. Food Additives & Contaminants Part A, 37(6), 1004–1026. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2020.1733103

  Kamal, A., Malik, R. N., Martellini, T., & Cincinelli, A. (2014). PAH exposure biomarkers are associated with clinico-chemical changes in the brick kiln workers in Pakistan. Science of The Total Environment, 490, 521–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.033

  Kamboj, S., Singh, S. K., & Haritash, A. K. (2021). Catabolic enzyme activity and kinetics of pyrene degradation by novel bacterial strains isolated from contaminated soil. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 23, 101744–101744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101744

  Kieta, K., Owens, P. N., & Petticrew, E. L. (2023). Determination of sediment sources following a major wildfire and evaluation of the use of color properties and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as tracers. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 23(12), 4187–4207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03565-0

  Kim, L., Jeon, H., Kim, Y., Yang, S.-H., Choi, H., Kim, T.-O., & Lee, S. (2019). Monitoring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations and distributions in rice paddy soils from Gyeonggi-do, Ulsan, and Pohang. Applied Biological Chemistry, 62(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-019-0423-7

  Koukoulakis, K., Kanellopoulos, P. G., Chrysochou, E., Costopoulou, D., Vassiliadou, I., Leondiadis, L., & Bakeas, E. (2020). Atmospheric Concentrations and Health Implications of PAHs, PCBs and PCDD/Fs in the Vicinity of a Heavily Industrialized Site in Greece. Applied Sciences, 10(24), 9023–9023. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10249023

  Krektun, B. V., Snitynskiy, V. V., Maliszewszka-Kordibach, B., & Smreczak, B. (2012). Modern approaches to assessment of PAHs bioavailability in soil for environmental toxicology research. Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, 49, 35–36. https://doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/49/2474

  Krivoruchko, A. V., Kuyukina, M. S., Peshkur, T., Cunningham, C., & Ившина, И. Б. (2023). Rhodococcus Strains from the Specialized Collection of Alkanotrophs for Biodegradation of Aromatic Compounds. Molecules, 28(5), 2393–2393. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052393

  Kummer, V., Mašková, J., Zralý, Z., Neča, J., Šimečková, P., Vondráček, J., & Machala, M. (2008). Estrogenic activity of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in uterus of immature Wistar rats. Toxicology Letters, 180(3), 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.862

  Lee, W., Wang, Y., Lin, T., Chen, Y., Lin, W.-C., Ku, C.-C., & Cheng, J. (1995). PAH characteristics in the ambient air of traffic-source. The Science of The Total Environment, 159, 185–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)04323-s

  Li, C., Mi, L., Yan, J., & Sun, Y. (2020). Occurrence, distribution and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric dust from different functional areas of Beijing. J. Hazard. Mater., 383, 121150–121150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121150

  Liang, Y., Zhao, H., Deng, Y., Zhou, J., Li, G., & Sun, B. (2016). Long-Term Oil Contamination Alters the Molecular Ecological Networks of Soil Microbial Functional Genes. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00060

  Liao, X., Wu, Z., Li, Y., Luo, J., & Su, C. (2018). Enhanced degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by indigenous microbes combined with chemical oxidation. Chemosphere, 213, 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.092

  Lu, Y., Liu, Y., Fu, P., Wang, J., Lu, J., & Ding, J. A. (2019). Distribution, source and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soils from the Yangtze River Delta, China. Environ. Pollut., 246, 617–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.066

  Maciejczyk, M., Tyrpień-Golder, K., Janoszka, B., Gierat, B., & Muzyka, R. (2023). Mutagenic and carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in food – occurrence, human health effects, and assessment methods of exposure. Environmental Medicine, 26, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.26444/ms/168971

  Mahgoub, H. A., Hiba, A., Nimir, A., Tawfeeg, E., Hiba, A., Nimir, A., Binkov, B., rm, R., Singh, V., Patel, D., Jyoti, R., Mathur, N., Siddiqui, M., Wu, B., Zhang, R., Cheng, S., Ford, T., Li, A., Zhang, M., … John, L. (2016). Extraction Techniques for Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Samples. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 5(1), 268–272. https://doi.org/10.21275/v5i1.nov152648

  Mamy, L., Patureau, D., Barriuso, E., Bedos, C., Bessac, F., Louchart, X., Martin‐Laurent, F., Miège, C., & Benoît, P. (2014). Prediction of the Fate of Organic Compounds in the Environment From Their Molecular Properties: A Review [Review of Prediction of the Fate of Organic Compounds in the Environment From Their Molecular Properties: A Review]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 45(12), 1277–1377. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2014.955627

  Marquès, M., Mari, M., Audí-Miró, C., Sierra, J., Soler, A., Nadal, M., & Domingo, J. L. (2016). Photodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils under a climate change base scenario. Chemosphere, 148, 495–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.069

  Martínez-Fernández, D., Vítková, M., Michálková, Z., & Komárek, M. (2017). Engineered Nanomaterials for Phytoremediation of Metal/Metalloid-Contaminated Soils: Implications for Plant Physiology (pp. 369–403). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52381-1_14

  Martinis, E. M., Grijalba, A. C., Pérez, M. B. Á., Llaver, M., & Wuilloud, R. G. (2017). Synergistic analytical preconcentration with ionic liquid–nanomaterial hybrids. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 97, 333–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2017.10.004

  Montano, L., Baldini, G. M., Piscopo, M., Liguori, G., Lombardi, R., Ricciardi, M., Esposito, G., Pinto, G., Fontanarosa, C., Spinelli, M., Palmieri, I., Sofia, D., Brogna, C., Carati, C., Esposito, M., Gallo, P., Amoresano, A., & Motta, O. (2025). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Environment: Occupational Exposure, Health Risks and Fertility Implications. Toxics, 13(3), 151–151. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13030151

  Muhyideen, O., Shittu, L., Ajibola, Y. F., & Okechukwu, I. P. (2023). Assessment of Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity Risks and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Monitored Black Carbon (Soot) in Air and Swimming Pool Water in Port Harcourt. Research Square (Research Square). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2880375/v1

  Muñoz-Arcos, E., Castillo, A., Cuevas-Aedo, A., Ovando-Fuentealba, L., Taylor, A., Bustamante‐Ortega, R., Blake, W., & Bravo‐Linares, C. (2021). Sediment source apportionment following wildfire in an upland commercial forest catchment. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 21(6), 2432–2449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-02943-w

  Munyengabe, A., Sibali, L. L., & Ndibewu, P. P. (2023). Advances in Polymer Nanocomposite Materials for Photocatalytic Degradation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Matrices: A Review [Review of Advances in Polymer Nanocomposite Materials for Photocatalytic Degradation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Matrices: A Review]. International Journal of Chemistry, 15(1), 13–13. Canadian Center of Science and Education. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v15n1p13

  Naloka, K., Kuntaveesuk, A., Muangchinda, C., Chavanich, S., Viyakarn, V., Chen, B., & Pinyakong, O. (2024). Pseudomonas and Pseudarthrobacter are the key players in synergistic phenanthrene biodegradation at low temperatures. Scientific Reports, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-62829-y

  Nowakowski, M., Rykowska, I., Wolski, R., & Andrzejewski, P. (2021). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their Derivatives (O-PAHs, N-PAHs, OH-PAHs): Determination in Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) – a Review [Review of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their Derivatives (O-PAHs, N-PAHs, OH-PAHs): Determination in Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) – a Review]. Environmental Processes, 9(1). Springer Science+Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-021-00555-7

  Ochsenkühn‐Petropoulou, M., Staikos, K., Matuschek, G., & Kettrup, A. (2002). On-line determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulate matter by using pyrolysis/GC–MS. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 70(1), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2370(02)00096-7

  Okparanma, R. N., & Mouazen, A. M. (2013). Determination of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) in Soils: A Review of Spectroscopic and Nonspectroscopic Techniques [Review of Determination of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) in Soils: A Review of Spectroscopic and Nonspectroscopic Techniques]. Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 48(6), 458–486. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/05704928.2012.736048

  Osuagwu, U. O., Ujowundu, C. O., Nwaogu, L., & Nwaoguikpe, R. N. (2023). Effects of PAH Mixtures on Haematological, Hepatic and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Clarias gariepinus. Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research, 22(4), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajfar/2023/v22i4576

  Owsianiak, M., Rosenbaum, R. K., & Hauschild, M. Z. (2011). A Methodology for Inclusion of Terrestrial Ecotoxic Impacts of Metals in Life Cycle Impact Assessment. Research Portal Denmark, 773. https://local.forskningsportal.dk/local/dki-cgi/ws/cris-link?src=dtu&id=dtu-a5279429-9815-4a21-8ecc-921c8ab106e2&ti=A%20Methodology%20for%20Inclusion%20of%20Terrestrial%20Ecotoxic%20Impacts%20of%20Metals%20in%20Life%20Cycle%20Impact%20Assessment

  P, F. R. C., Tan, Y., Zhang, S., Yu, X.-F., Chen, H., Dang, X., & Liu, X. (2021). Moisture‐sensitive metal–organic framework constructed from cobalt and 4‐(4‐pyridyl) benzoic acid for dispersive solid‐phase extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in apple. Journal of Separation Science, 44(8), 1706–1715. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.202001158

  Patel, A. B., Shaikh, S., Jain, K., Desai, C., & Madamwar, D. (2020). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation Approaches [Review of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation Approaches]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.562813

  Patil, S., Shedbalkar, U. U., Truskewycz, A., Chopade, B. A., & Ball, A. S. (2015). Nanoparticles for environmental clean-up: A review of potential risks and emerging solutions. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 5, 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2015.11.001

  Pena, M. T., Casais, M. C., Mejuto, M. C., & Cela, R. (2009). Development of an ionic liquid based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216(36), 6356–6364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.032

  Peng, P. L., & Lim, L. H. (2022). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Sample Preparation and Analysis in Beverages: A Review. Food Analytical Methods, 15(4), 1042–1061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-021-02178-y

  Picariello, E., Baldantoni, D., & Nicola, F. D. (2020). Acute effects of PAH contamination on microbial community of different forest soils. Environmental Pollution, 262, 114378–114378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114378

  Possanzini, M., Palo, V. D., Gigliucci, P., Scianò, M. C. T., & Cecinato, A. (2004). Determination of phase-distributed PAH in Rome ambient air by denuder/GC-MS method. Atmospheric Environment, 38(12), 1727–1734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.12.024

  Poster, D. L., Schantz, M. M., Sander, L. C., & Wise, S. A. (2006). Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental samples: a critical review of gas chromatographic (GC) methods. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 386(4), 859–881. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0771-0

  Ren, L., Wang, Y., Ren, Y., Li, G., & Sang, N. (2024). Phenanthrene perturbs hematopoietic development and causes hematopoietic defects in zebrafish. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 151, 573–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2024.02.018

  Ren, L., Zhang, J., Geng, B., Zhao, J., Jia, W., & Cheng, L.-R. L. (2025). Ecological Shifts and Functional Adaptations of Soil Microbial Communities Under Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contamination. Water, 17(8), 1216–1216. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17081216

  Ruiz-Pablos, M., Paiva, B., & Zabaleta, A. (2023). Epstein–Barr virus-acquired immunodeficiency in myalgic encephalomyelitis—Is it present in long COVID? [Review of Epstein–Barr virus-acquired immunodeficiency in myalgic encephalomyelitis—Is it present in long COVID?]. Journal of Translational Medicine, 21(1). BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-023-04515-7

  Saldarriaga-Noreña, H., López-Márquez, R., Murillo-Tovar, M. A., Arias-Montoya, M. I., Guerrero‐Álvarez, J., & Vergara-Sánchez, J. (2019). Recent Advances for Polycyclic Aromatic Analysis in Airborne Particulate Matter. In IntechOpen eBooks. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79714

  Sandoval‐Pauker, C., Yin, S., Castillo, A., Ocuane, N., Puerto-Diaz, D., & Villagrán, D. (2023). Computational Chemistry as Applied in Environmental Research: Opportunities and Challenges. ACS ES&T Engineering, 4(1), 66–95. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestengg.3c00227

  Savchenko, T., & Тихонов, К. Г. (2021). Oxidative Stress-Induced Alteration of Plant Central Metabolism. Life, 11(4), 304–304. https://doi.org/10.3390/life11040304

  Schantz, M. M., McGaw, E. A., & Wise, S. A. (2012). Pressurized Liquid Extraction of Diesel and Air Particulate Standard Reference Materials: Effect of Extraction Temperature and Pressure. Analytical Chemistry, 84(19), 8222–8231. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac301443v

  Séguin, J. Y., Mason, J., Hanson, M. L., Hollebone, B. P., Orihel, D. M., Palace, V., Rodríguez‐Gil, J. L., & Blais, J. M. (2022). Bioaccumulation and toxicokinetics of polycyclic aromatic compounds and metals in giant floater mussels (Pyganodon grandis) exposed to a simulated diluted bitumen spill. Aquatic Toxicology, 252, 106316–106316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106316

  Shamloo, E., Shokri, S., Sadighara, P., Fallahizadeh, S., Ghasemi, A., Abdi-Moghadam, Z., Rezagholizade-shirvan, A., & Mazaheri, Y. (2024). Application of nanomaterials for determination and removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in food products: A review. Food Chemistry X, 24, 101833–101833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101833

  Shimmo, M., Saarnio, K., Aalto, P. P., Hartonen, K., Hyötyläinen, T., Kulmala, M., & Riekkola, M. (2004). Particle Size Distribution and Gas-Particle Partition of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Helsinki Urban Area. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 47(3), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:joch.0000021088.37771.f7

  Singh, R. P., Yadav, A., Chopra, A., Christopher, J., & Kapur, G. S. (2019). Comparison of five different HPLC columns with different particle sizes, lengths and make for the optimization of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) analysis. SN Applied Sciences, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0330-x

  Smith, K. E. C., Northcott, G. L., & Jones, K. C. (2006). Influence of the extraction methodology on the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pasture vegetation. Journal of Chromatography A, 1116, 20–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.040

  Soursou, V., Campo, J., & Picó, Y. (2023). Revisiting the analytical determination of PAHs in environmental samples: An update on recent advances. Trends in Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teac.2023.e00195

  Srogi, K. (2007). Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 5(4), 169–195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-007-0095-0

  Stéphane, F. F. Y., Jules, B. K. J., Batiha, G. E., Ali, I., & Bruno, L. N. (2021). Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants and Herbs. In IntechOpen eBooks. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98602

  Stogiannidis, E., & Laane, R. W. P. M. (2014). Source Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Using Their Molecular Indices: An Overview of Possibilities. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 234, 49–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10638-0_2

  Sun, H., Ge, X., Lv, Y., & Wang, A. (2012). Application of accelerated solvent extraction in the analysis of organic contaminants, bioactive and nutritional compounds in food and feed. Journal of Chromatography A, 1237, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.003

  Sun, X., Bai, J., Dong, D., & Fan, Z. (2021). UV Assisted Photocatalytic Remediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Pahs) in Sewage Sludge Addition Soils Using Synthesized Nanometer Mixed-crystal TiO2: Experiment and Simulation. Soil and Sediment Contamination An International Journal, 31(5), 572–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2021.1981822

  Tartaglione, A. M., Racca, A., & Ricceri, L. (2023). Developmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Focus on benzo[a]pyrene neurotoxicity. Reproductive Toxicology, 119, 108394–108394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108394

  Tembo, P., & Biswick, T. (2025). Contaminants and Nutrient Transfer in Organic Farming Systems: a review of risks and food safety implications in vegetable crops [Review of Contaminants and Nutrient Transfer in Organic Farming Systems: a review of risks and food safety implications in vegetable crops]. Research Square (Research Square). Research Square (United States). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7943193/v1

  Titaley, I. A., Walden, D. M., Dorn, S. E., Ogba, O. M., Simonich, S. L. M., & Cheong, P. H. (2018). Evaluating Computational and Structural Approaches to Predict Transformation Products of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(3), 1595–1607. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b05198

  Tomar, R. S., & Jajoo, A. (2019). Photosynthetic response in wheat plants caused by the phototoxicity of fluoranthene. Functional Plant Biology, 46(8), 725–731. https://doi.org/10.1071/fp18328

  Tomar, R. S., Sharma, A., & Jajoo, A. (2015). Assessment of phytotoxicity of anthracene in soybean (Glycine max) with a quick method of chlorophyll fluorescence. Plant Biology, 17(4), 870–876. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12302

  Tsapakis, M., & Stephanou, E. G. (2004). Occurrence of gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: study of sources and ambient temperature effect on the gas/particle concentration and distribution. Environmental Pollution, 133(1), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.012

  Tsiodra, I., Grivas, G., Tavernaraki, K., Bougiatioti, A., Apostolaki, M., Paraskevopoulou, D., Gogou, A., Parinos, C., Oikonomou, K., Tsagkaraki, M., Zarmpas, P., Nenes, A., & Mihalopoulos, N. (2021). Annual exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban environments linked to wintertime wood-burning episodes. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 21(23), 17865–17883. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17865-2021

  Udesky, J. O., Dodson, R. E., Perovich, L. J., & Rudel, R. A. (2019). Wrangling environmental exposure data: guidance for getting the best information from your laboratory measurements. Environmental Health, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-019-0537-8

  Vásquez-Murrieta, M. S., Hernández-Hernández, O. J., Cruz-Maya, J. A., Cancino‐Díaz, J. C., & Jan‐Roblero, J. (2016). Approaches for Removal of PAHs in Soils: Bioaugmentation, Biostimulation and Bioattenuation. In InTech eBooks. https://doi.org/10.5772/64682

  Venkataraman, B., Pugazhendi, A., & Ebenezer, P. J. (2014). Enzymatic bioremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by fungal consortia enriched from petroleum contaminated soil and oil seeds. PubMed, 35(3), 521–529. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24813008

  Wang, C., Zhou, S., He, Y., Wang, J., Wang, F., & Wu, S. (2017). Developing a Black Carbon-Substituted Multimedia Model for Simulating the PAH Distributions in Urban Environments. Scientific Reports, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14789-9

  Wang, D., Yang, M., Jia, H., Zhou, L., & Li, Y.-F. (2008). Seasonal variation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil and air of Dalian areas, China: an assessment of soil–air exchange. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 10(9), 1076–1076. https://doi.org/10.1039/b805840g

  Wang, J., Lu, Y., Liu, Y., & Xu, J. (2018). Contamination levels and potential sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils in Beijing, China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 15, 15049–15057. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1668-8

  Wang, J., Zhang, H., Bao, H., Li, J., Li, J., Xing, W., Hong, H., & Wu, F. (2020). Dynamic distribution and accumulation of PAHs in winter wheat during whole plant growth: Field investigation. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 202, 110886–110886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110886

  Wang, T. (2020). Food Monitoring by Untargeted Screening with Semi Quantification — Feasibility Study on Analysis of Cereals and Honey. Research Portal Denmark, 243. https://local.forskningsportal.dk/local/dki-cgi/ws/cris-link?src=dtu&id=dtu-d8892345-5edc-4fed-b544-de7758fed02c&ti=Food%20Monitoring%20by%20Untargeted%20Screening%20with%20Semi%20Quantification%20%2014%20Feasibility%20Study%20on%20Analysis%20of%20Cereals%20and%20Honey

  Wang, Z., Meng, Q., Sun, K., & Wen, Z. (2024). Spatiotemporal Distribution, Bioaccumulation, and Ecological and Human Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water: A Comprehensive Review. Sustainability, 16(23), 10346–10346. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310346

  Wei, Z., Guo, H., Li, Y., Zhang, X., & Qiu, Y. (2018). The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on human health: A review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 25(9), 8190–8209.

  Wennrich, L., Popp, P., & Zeibig, M. (2002). Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Burden in Fruit and Vegetable Species Cultivated in Allotments in an Industrial Area. International Journal of Environmental & Analytical Chemistry, 82(10), 667–690. https://doi.org/10.1080/0306731021000075401

  Wilson, W. B. (2020). Chromatographic Separations and Sample Extractions for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chromatographia, 83(3), 319–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10337-020-03868-1

  Wu, H., Li, D., Zhao, B., Guan, S., Jing, X., Ding, Y., & Fan, G. (2021). Magnetic covalent organic framework nanocomposites as a new adsorbent for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and food samples. Analytical Methods, 13(25), 2847–2856. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ay00496d

  Yakovleva, E. V., & Габов, Д. Н. (2020). Polyarenes accumulation in tundra ecosystem influenced by coal industry of Vorkuta. Polish Polar Research, 237–268. https://doi.org/10.24425/ppr.2020.134122

  Yang, Y., Zhang, N., Xue, M., & Tao, S. (2010). Impact of soil organic matter on the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils. Environmental Pollution, 158(6), 2170–2174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.02.019

  Zhang, A., Zhang, H., Mi, L., Ding, L., Jiang, Z., Yu, F., & Tang, M. (2023). Diabetes: A potential mediator of associations between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure and stroke. Research Square (Research Square). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3478439/v1

  Zhang, J., Yang, L., Mellouki, A., Chen, J., Chen, X., Gao, Y., Jiang, P., Li, Y., Yu, H., & Wang, W. (2018). Diurnal concentrations, sources, and cancer risk assessments of PM2.5-bound PAHs, NPAHs, and OPAHs in urban, marine and mountain environments. Chemosphere, 209, 147–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.054

  Zhang, Y., Yang, L., Gao, Y., Chen, J., Li, Y., Jiang, P., Zhang, J., Yu, H., & Wang, W. (2019). Comparative Study of PAHs in PM1 and PM2.5 at a Background Site in the North China Plain. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 19(10), 2281–2293. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2018.12.0462

  Zhong, W., & Wang, M. (2002). SOME POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN VEGETABLES FROM NORTHERN CHINA. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, 37(2), 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1081/ese-120002588

  Zhou, Q., Fang, Y., Yang, R., & Chen, Y. (2017). Spatial distribution, source apportionment, and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils from five cities in the Yangtze River Delta, China. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 24(3), 2338–2352.

  Zhu, C. (2019). MICROBIAL COMMUNITY FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY IN AN ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINATED SITE AND EVALUATION OF BIODEGRADATION EFFICIENCY. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(5). https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1705_125371254.

Related Images:



Recent Images



Distribution and Characteristics of Microplastics in Indian Water Bodies: Present Understanding and Future Challenges
Isolation and Characterization of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizo Bacteria (PGPR) from Banana Rhizosphere
An Inventory Optimization Model for Complex Systems with Imprecise Demand and Variable Holding Cost using AI Forecasting
Butea Monosperma (Lam.) Taub.,: A Blazing Tree
Nanotechnology-Enhanced Phytopharmaceuticals for Ocular Health
Analytical Identification Test and Characterization for Curcumin and Salicylic Acid
Analytical Standardization of Vasaguduchyadi Kvatha Churna Using Gallic Acid as a Phytomarker
Thermoluminescence Properties of UV-irradiated CaLa2ZnO5 Phosphor Doped with Sm3+
Low Noise Amplifier Design at GHz-Frequencies: A Review of Recent Advances and Challenges
Performance Evaluation of a Medium-Rise RCC Structure Designed Using STAAD.Pro and IS Standards

Tags


Recomonded Articles:

Deep Eutectic Solvents in Green Chemistry: A Review

Author(s): Benvikram Barman; Manoj Kumar Banjare; Bhupendra Singh Banjare; Dolly Baghel

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2025-38-1-7         Access: Open Access Read More

A Review on Plant Profile, Standardization Method and Pharmacological Activities of Tribulus Terristries (Gokhru)

Author(s): Pooja Deshpande, Suman Shrivastava, S.J. Daharwal*

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2018-31-1-7         Access: Open Access Read More

A Review on Extraction, Identification and Application of Pesticidal Active Phytoderived Metabolites

Author(s): Reena Jamunkar; Deepak Sinha; Tarun Kumar Patle; Kamlesh Shrivas

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2024-37-1-10         Access: Open Access Read More

A Review on Various Analytical Methodologies of Naproxen

Author(s): Nisha Sahu; Sukrita Shriwas; Yeendeswari Gendre; Aakanksha Sinha; S.J. Daharwal

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2023-36-1-9         Access: Open Access Read More

Screening of phenolics and flavonoids using FTIR and UV-Vis: Antioxidant activity and HPLC quantification of gallic acid and ellagic acid

Author(s): Tarun Kumar Patle; Kamlesh Shrivas; Reena Jamunkar; Antresh Kumar; Khushali Tandey

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2025-38-1-11         Access: Open Access Read More

Extraction, Characterisation, Biological Properties and Applications of Essential Oils: A Review

Author(s): Nikita Raghuvanshi; Bhanushree Gupta

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2023-36-2-6         Access: Open Access Read More

Herbal Alternatives for Oral Health: Mechanistic Exploration with their Market Potential

Author(s): Shradha Devi Dwivedi; Madhu Yadav; Deependra Singh; Manju Rawat Singh

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2024-37-1-1         Access: Open Access Read More

Enhanced antioxidant activity in Curcuma caesia Roxb. microrhizomes treated with silver nanoparticles

Author(s): Sonam Patel; Afreen Anjum; Veenu Joshi; Afaque Quraishi

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2024-37-1-4         Access: Open Access Read More

Distribution of Some Selected Surface Active Agents (SAAs) in the Aquatic and Global Environment with Their Toxic Impact: A Comprehensive Review

Author(s): Ramsingh Kurrey; Anushree Saha; Manas Kanti Deb*

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2020-33-1-6         Access: Open Access Read More

Analysis of High Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Using Machine Learning

Author(s): Naman Shukla; K. Anil Kumar; Madhu Allalla; Sanjay Tiwari

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2022-35-1-2         Access: Open Access Read More

Surface Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles as an Efficient Material for Wastewater Remediation: A Review

Author(s): Richa Tembekar; Kallol K. Ghosh; Angel Minj; Abhishek Katendra

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2024-37-2-15         Access: Open Access Read More

Study of Design and Device Modeling of Double layered Perovskite Solar Cells

Author(s): Madhu Allalla; Naman Shukla; Sweta Minj; Sanjay Tiwari

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2022-35-1-5         Access: Open Access Read More

Rice Straw-Derived Carbon Integrated with PANI: As an Electrode Material for High-performance Supercapacitor

Author(s): Vaibhav Dixit, Rajiv Nayan; Shubhra Sinha; Suryakant Manikpuri; Manmohan L. Satnami; Kallol K. Ghosh; Manas Kanti Deb; Shamsh Pervez; Indrapal Karbhal

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2023-36-2-5         Access: Open Access Read More

Preparation, Stabilization and Taste Making of Dry Powder for Oral Suspension of Cephalosporin Antibiotics

Author(s): Dinesh Kumar Sharma; Bhabani S Nayak

DOI:         Access: Open Access Read More

Formulation and Characterization of Magnetically Responsive Mesalamine Microspheres for Colon Targeting

Author(s): Sarita Gaikwad; Preeti K Suresh

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2023-36-1-11         Access: Open Access Read More

Pharmacological Activity of Leaf Extract of Gonostegia hirta BlumeEx Hasskarl Miquel A Wild Food Used by the Local People of Arunachal Pradesh, India

Author(s): Loxmi Jamoh; Angkita Sharma; Pallabi Kalita; Hui Tag

DOI:         Access: Open Access Read More

Fatty acid composition of Lactuca-serriola Linn seed oil

Author(s): AR Sood and RC Rathor

DOI:         Access: Open Access Read More

Spatiotemporal Variation In Groundwater Quality Of India During Last 15 Years: A Review

Author(s): Princy Dugga; Shamsh Pervez; Rakesh Kumar Sahu; Madhuri Verma; Shahina Bano; Manas Kanti Deb

DOI: 10.52228/JRUB.2017-30-1-5         Access: Open Access Read More

TLC-Direct Bioautography as a High Throughput Method for Detection of Antimicrobial B-Sitosterol In Leucas Aspera Linn. and Identification and Quantification by HPTLC-MS

Author(s): B S Ajitkumar; Prashant S Hande; Vikas Jha; Pratiksha Alagh; Shailendra Rane

DOI:         Access: Open Access Read More

Chemical Fingerprint Analysis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Leaf of Lannea coromandelica Linn

Author(s): Vishal Jain

DOI:         Access: Open Access Read More

Quick Links

Latest Issues

Popular Articles

Postal Address

Prof. Manas Kanti Deb
Editor-in-Chief
School of Studies In Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. PIN 492010

Email address

prsu.jru.b19@gmail.com

Contact Us 

About Journal

Journal of Ravishankar University (Part-B) is a research Journal which publishes special sections on diverse and topical themes of interest and this has served as a platform for the scientific fraternity to get their work acknowledged and highlighted. Some of the special sections that have been well received in the recent past include analytical and environmental chemistry, physical chemistry, nanomaterials, arosoles, pesticides, electronics, Indian monsoon in India, biotecnological, pharmaceutical, agricultural and behaviour science, to name a few. Contributions to these special issues ‘which receive widespread attention’ are from leading scientists in India.   Read More  

For Authors

Visitors

Today: 2437
Yesterday: 3844
Total: 1206822