Butea Monosperma (Lam.) Taub.,: A Blazing Tree

Umakant Sahu¹, Vishal Jain²*, Narendra Kumar³, Pushpendra Kumar⁴, Ruchika Chandrakar⁵, Tinalisa Mahobia⁶

^1-6 University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

¹uksahu28@gmail.com, ²vishaljain123@gmail.com, ³narendrakumar.ch1789@gmail.com, ⁴pushpendrakumar0311@gmail.com, ⁵ruchikachandrakar1808@gmail.com, ⁶mahobiatina@gmail.com

 Abstract

Plants are the source of oxygen and the reason life exists on Earth, plants are a priceless gift from the natural world. Recognising the many advantages of plants, humans have used them for sustenance and medicine since ancient times. The "flame of forest," Butea monosperma, a member of the Fabaceae family, produces a large number of beneficial secondary metabolites. Flavonoids have been used for a long time in traditional medical systems such as Ayurveda, due to their profound effect on a wide range of illnesses and their major role in almost all therapeutic plants. Many phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols, glycosides, and flavonoids, are present in this plant species and are significant in conventional as well as alternative medicine. Many ailments, including diabetes, cancer, diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, and jaundice, have been treated with it. Numerous endophytes are also present in this plant, some of which may have important use in industry and medicine.

Keywords: Palash, Flame of forest, Butea monosperma, Secondary metabolites, Phytochemicals.

1. Introduction

The existence of humans is obviously impossible without nature. Humans need food, clothing, and shelter as their first three basic needs; the kingdom of plants now provides our fourth need, which is good health(Dey, 2021). A treasure trove of cures for all human maladies is offered by nature, which is truly remarkable. The organic chemicals found in the kingdom of plants are abundant and have been utilised medicinally(Chaachouay & Zidane, 2024). In the future, these compounds may also provide inspiration for the creation of new medicines with high therapeutic efficacy for a range of pathological conditions. The primary medicinal practice in India has always been herbs, and as people look for ways to maintain their health in the face of ongoing stress, they are currently gaining popularity elsewhere(Saggar et al., 2022). The Fabaceae family is one of the largest families of flowering plants, comprising about 630 genera and 18,000 species(Raj et al., 2022). It is locally called as palas, palash, mutthuga, bijasneha, dhak, khakara, chichra, Bastard Teak, Bengal Kino, Nourouc and is common throughout India, Burma and Ceylon except in very acrid parts(Deshwal et al., 2021). The genus Butea includes Butea monosperma, Butea parviflora. Butea minor and Butea superba widely distributed and it is found Indonesia, Bangladesh, Thailand, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Nepal, Germany and Laos(Rai et al., 2021). This plant is found in the Indo-Gangetic plains of the Asian continent and is considered the "God of Fire". Mostly it is seen in southern parts of India, Warangal district of Andhra Pradesh, Aurangabad and Nizamabad in Maharashtra(Kiran P. Kolkar et al., 2024). India possesses a wealth of documented and well-applied information regarding ancient herbal therapy. India boasts a centuries-old medical system known as the Ayurvedic system, along with other ancient systems like Siddha and Unani, that each provides comprehensive information on medications, their manufacture, and their application in human health(Verma & Sarvanan, 2025). Ayurveda is also called the “science of longevity” because it offers a complete system to live a long healthy life. It offers programs to rejuvenate the body through diet and nutrition(Pandey et al., 2013). Butea monosperma is described in ancient text like Upanishads, Vedas, Sushruta Samhita, Charaka Samhita, Astanga Sangraha, Ashtanga Hrdaya (Thomas et al., 2020).There has been a global resurgence of interest in the herbal medicine system. There is a deliberate effort to find an alternative therapeutic technique since people all over the world are terrified of the adverse effects of allopathic pharmaceuticals(Rajalekshmi & K. Agrawal, 2024). The plant's components contain particular metabolites that give rise to a variety of pharmacological qualities, including anti-helminthic, anti-conceptive, anti-stress, anti-estrogenic, antifertility, antibacterial, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, chemo preventive, hypoglycaemic, antioxidant, anti-cancer, thyroid inhibitory, antiperoxidative and hypoglycaemic effects, astringent, aphrodisiac, diuretic and wound healing activities(Kumari et al., 2022). Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, proteins, lipids, and sterols are some of the most well-known phytochemicals found in it. A number of metabolites, including butrin, isobutrin, stigmasterol, butein, medicarpin, and butinas, have been identified in previous phytochemical studies as being responsible for the remarkable pharmacological activities of these compounds(Rasheed et al., 2010).

a. Taxonomical description of plant:(Burli & Khade, n.d.)

The plant belongs to the:

b. Botanical description of plant:

The Butea monosperma is a deciduous tree that grows slowly and has an upright posture, height of 12 to 15 metres, featuring a crooked trunk and uneven branches, rough, ash-coloured bark, and fluffy juvenile sections.  At the age of 50 years, it matures to a diameter of around 20-40 cm. Leaves: Stipules are linear-lanceolate, petioles are 10-15 cm long, and leaves are 3-foliate. Coriaceous leaflets, all obtuse, glabrous above when old, finely silky and conspicuously reticulately veined beneath; petioles 6 mm long, stout-stipels subulate, deciduous; terminal leaflets 10–20 cm long, broadly ovate from a cuneate base; lateral leaflets, smaller, 10-15 by 7.5–10 cm, obliquely rounded at the base, equilateral, the larger. Flowers: Large, stiff racemes with 15 cm long flowers, with three blooms together forming the tumid nodes of the velvety, dark olive-green rhachis; pedicels are roughly twice as long as the calyx and are densely covered in brown-velvet; bracts and bracteoles are thin and deciduous. Calyx: The calyx measures 13 mm in length, has a dark olive-green colour, and is covered in silky hairs. Its teeth are small, with two connate upper teeth and three equal bottom teeth that are deltoid. Corolla: 3.8–5 cm long, typical 2.5 cm broad, orange or salmon in hue, covered in silky, silvery hairs on the outside; keel: semi-circular, veined, beaked. Pods are 2 cm long, stalked 12.5–20 by 2.5–5 cm, thicker at the sutures, and have reticulate veining that is argenteo-canescent. Seed: seeds are flat, kidney shaped, 25 to 40 mm long(Burli & Khade, n.d.; Muthuswamy & Senthamarai, 2014).

c. Plant ecology and survival

The plant Butea monosperma is typically found in the drier regions of India. The tree can withstand drought, but its leaves eventually turn white and fall off. The monsoon season brings in the majority of the rain for the region or native places of this plant, whereas the autumn and summer are often dry and receive little to no precipitation. The plant may thrive in regions with 450–4500 mm of yearly rainfall. It may also thrive on a wide range of soil types, including clay loam, shallow, black cotton soil, and even soggy soil. Its ability to multiply from seed and root sucker is demonstrated by the patches it produces on grazing grounds and other locations. Rich soil is ideal for this plant's seedling to grow(Rai et al., 2016)

Fig.1. Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. leaves, flower, fruits, seeds and gum

d. Phytochemistry of plant

Flower-Numerous phytoconstituents, including amino acids, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, and phenolic compounds, are abundant in the flower. The main components of the flower are butrin, butein, butin; other components include isobutrin, coreospin, and isocoreospin; there is also a presence of monospermoside and isospermoside, dihydromonospermoside, chalcones, aurones, and isobutene. The bright hue of the bloom is caused by chalcones and aurones. In addition, it contains fructose, glucose, stearic, palmitic, arachidic, and lignoceric acids, as well as histidine, aspartic acid, alanine of phenyl-1alanine, myricylalcohol, and fructose(Rasheed et al., 2010)

Bark-Notable glycosides found in the bark include kino-tannic acid, gallic acid, pyrocatechin, and palsitrin, as well as butrin, alanind, allophonic acid, butolic acid, cyaniding, histidin, lupenone, lupeol, miroestrol, palasimide, shelloic acid, and medicarpin. Triterpenoid ester 3, 9-hydroxyeuph-25-enyl heptacosanoate, and 3, 9dimethoxypterocarpan are the two compounds(Tiwari et al., 2019).

Leaf- The leaves contain glucoside, kino-oil that containing palmitic acid, lignoceric acid, oleic and linoleic acid. 

Seed- Up to 20% of a fatty oil known as Moodooga Oil or KinoTree Oil is found in the seeds. Plant proteionase and polypeptidase, two lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes, are present in fresh seeds(Tiwari et al., 2019).

Together with palasonin and monopermoside (butein3-e-D-glucoside), a nitrogenous acidic substance is also present in the seeds. α -amyrin, β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol- β-D-glucopyranoside and sucrose, monospermin, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. Fatty acids like myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, oleic, linoleic acid and linolenic(Tiwari et al., 2019).

Stem: It contains two iso flavones: prunetin and 5-methoxy genestein along with lupenone and lupeol and stigmasterol, stigmasterol-β-D-glucopyranoside and nonacosanoic acid(Tiwari et al., 2019). 

Resins: The resins contain Z-amyrin, e-sitosterone glucoside and sucrose, lactone-nheneicosanoic acid-delta-lactone, laccijalaric esters I, II (Terpenic lac acid), jalaric esters I, II. 

Gum: contains Tannin,mucilaginous material and pyrocatechin(Tiwari et al., 2019)

Roots: Plant’s root contains glucose, glycine and an aromatic hydroxy compound(Tiwari et al., 2019).

Fig.2. Chemical structure of the biologically active compounds of Butea monosperma

2. Pharmacological activity of Butea monosperma:

2.1. Anti-diabetic activity:

The ethanolic Extract of seeds (300mg/kg b.w.) exhibited significant antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antiperoxidative effects in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus rats(V et al., 2017). The study examined the antihyperglycemic properties of Butea monosperma ethanolic extract (BMEE) in rats with diabetes induced by alloxan, BMEE administered as a single dosage (200 mg/kg, po) resulted in a considerable improvement in glucose tolerance and a decrease in blood glucose levels. Compared to the diabetic control group, repeated oral therapy (200 mg/kg/day) for two weeks markedly decreased blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and enhanced HDL-cholesterol and albumin(Mohamadin et al., 2011). Aqueous extracts of Butea monosperma leaves and bark are tested for their antidiabetic potential in streptozotocin-induced severely diabetic rats. The findings showed that Butea monosperma leaf and bark extracts had negligible antihyperglycemic effects. Blood glucose was lowered by 28% and 11%, respectively, by the leaf and bark extracts; nevertheless, it was shown that these substances had no effect on insulin synthesis, secretion, or pancreatic architecture(Ahmed et al., 2012). Butea monosperma has been used to cure diabetes mellitus by tribal people in tropical and subtropical countries. The antidiabetic impact of an ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma used as blood levels of adrenaline-induced and glucose-fed diabetic rabbits has been studied. The extracts demonstrated significant dose-dependent action; at 400 mg/kg, blood glucose levels were much lower. p < 0.01 indicates a significant result(Ahmed et al., 2012). In non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus rats, oral administration of an ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma seeds (300mg/kg b.w.) produced significant antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, and antiperoxidative effects(Bavarva & Narasimhacharya, 2008). The ethanol extract of Butea monosperma stem treated groups, as well as the standard drug treated groups, showed restoration of the number of islets to normal population, as well as improvement in injured islets and hyperplasia. The ethanol extract of the stem of Butea monosperma may help mend the pancreas and have anti-diabetic properties(Divya & Mini, 2014). The hypoglycaemic activity of local Butea monosperma (Palaspapra) fruit was evaluated in normal and diabetic human volunteers suffering from type II diabetes. Male and female diabetic volunteers aged 30 to 60 years old participated. Oral treatment of Butea monosperma fruit to diabetic and normal participants for 30 days reduced (P < 0.05) blood glucose, urine sugar, plasma glycoprotein levels, lipid profile, and liver enzyme activity(Divya & Mini, 2014).

2.2. Wound healing activity:

The experimental imposition of wound healing activity was demonstrated by the increased pace of wound shrinkage, increased epithelialisation, cellular proliferation and collagen production at the wound site, increases in DNA, total protein, and total collagen content in granulation tissues. Experimental assessment of the wound healing activity of the flavonoid fraction of Butea monosperma stem bark showed increased rate of wound contraction and epithelialisation and increased granuloma tissue formation. Topical application of the flavonoid fraction on excision wounds accelerated wound contraction and reduced epithelisation period in rats.(Jena et al., 2024; Masson-Meyers et al., 2020)

In an incision wound model rats, applying aqueous extract gel to excision wounds resulted in faster wound healing (98.43%) and shorter epithelisation time (P<0.01). The study found that using an aqueous extract gel of Butea monosperma flowers improved wound healing, including contraction, and resulted in faster healing compared to ethanolic extract(Sumitra et al., 2005).The thermal wound healing activity of gel containing the flower extract of Butea monosperma (FEBM) was evaluated. A burn wound was induced on the back side of all the rats. The respective burned areas in all groups of animals were treated with blank (control), standard silver sulphadiazine (SSD), gels of flower extract of Butea monosperma (0.5, 1 and 1.5 %). The treated group wound showed much faster healing as compared to control. The significant effect on wound closure was observed with 1.5 % gel at 20 day which was comparable with SSD. Rats' wounds were healed by an ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma bark. When applied topically to full excision wounds formed on the backs of rats, it hastened the healing process. The Butea monosperma ethanolic extract boosted collagen synthesis and cellular proliferation at the wound infection site. The ethanolic extract and acetone fraction of Butea monosperma stem bark showed significant wound healing activity, including faster wound contraction, shorter epithelialization period, and increased collagen deposition. So, it possesses antioxidant properties, by its ability to reduce lipid peroxidation(Andualem et al., 2025; Umar et al., 2021).

2.3. Anti-obese activity:

The primary characteristic of the pathophysiology of obesity, which leads to excess fat storage, is the imbalance between energy intake and utilisation. The anti-obese effect of Butea monosperma bark was studied using resulted in reduction in body weight in cafeteria and atherogenic diets fed rats indicating that Butea monosperma possess weight reducing property. It has been recorded that saponin are useful in the treatment of obesity(Prasad et al., n.d.).

2.4. Anti-tumor Activity:

Protein phosphatase plays a significant function in the tumour microenvironment and has the ability to create new cancer chemotherapeutic agents that specifically target the tumour microenvironment(Golmei et al., 2024). In male wistar rats, hepatic carcinogenesis and oxidative stress caused by 2 AAF (2 acetyl amino fluorine) are significantly inhibited by a flower extract of Butea monosperma that contains butein and isobutrin at concentrations of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. The anti-cancer effects of Butea frondosa aqueous extract were demonstrated by accumulation of cells in G1 phase, inhibition of cell proliferation, and favourable stimulation of apoptotic cell death(Singh et al., 2015).

2.5. Anti-Inflammatory activity:

In rabbits, the leaves of Butea monosperma have anti-inflammatory effects on the eyes. The anti-inflammatory properties of Butea monosperma methanolic extract were assessed using cotton pellet granuloma and carrageenan-induced paw edema. Diclofenac sodium was administered as a conventional medication to reduce swelling in cotton pellet granuloma and carrageenan-induced paw edema by 26 and 35%, respectively and by 22 and 28% in granuloma tissue development. The experiment's findings confirm the traditional usage of Butea monosperma for the treatment of rash, heat, edema, and other inflammatory conditions by demonstrating the plant's considerable anti-inflammatory effects (topically)(Arefin et al., 2016; Patil et al., 2023; Zahra et al., 2024).

2.6. Anti-diarrhoeal activity:

At 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, an ethanolic extract of Butea monosperma (Lam) Kuntz's stem bark prevented castor oil-induced diarrhoea by obstructing gastrointestinal motility and PGE2-induced enter pooling. A significant decrease in gastrointestinal motility was seen after taking BM extract and charcoal meal orally(Sharma et al., 2019).

2.7. Antifungal and antimicrobial activity:

In comparison to the typical fungicide, Medicarpin proved more efficient against Cladosporium cladosporioides. When tested in-vitro using the filter paper disc method against a variety of human pathogenic bacteria and fungi, the seed oil of Butea monospermous demonstrated a significant bactericidal and fungicidal action 3,6,4-trimethoxy-5,7-dihydroxy flavone-7 Antimicrobial action was demonstrated by -O-L xylopyranosyl (13)-O-L-arabinopyranosyl-(14)-O-D galactopyranoside. The antimicrobial property of BM seed oil is against harmful bacteria and fungus. The oil is therefore fungicidal and bactericidal(Ali et al., 2021; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF Butea Monosperma AGAINST Escherichia Coli, n.d.).

2.8. Anticonvulsant activity:

The petroleum ether extract of Butea monosperma was divided into fractions with various polarities using column chromatography, including ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and methanol. Triterpene, which is present in Butea monosperma, is also an antidepressant. The fractions increased the levels of serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain(Sutariya & Saraf, 2015).

2.9. Free radical scavenging activity:

It was discovered that butein was more effective than butrin, with roughly 87% activity at 1 mg/ml and 22% activity, respectively (Subramaniyan et al., 2016). Methanol Extract along with its ethyl acetate and butanol fractions showed potent free radical scavenging activity, whereas aqueous fraction was found to be devoid of any radical scavenging properties. The Observed activity could be due to the higher phenolic content in the extracts (16.1, 25.29, and 17.74% w/win methanol extract, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions respectively)(Ibe et al., 2022). Cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress and consequent DNA damage can be prevented in mouse peripheral blood and bone marrow cells by using Butea monosperma leaf extracts in aqueous and ethanolic forms (Devi & Mazumder, 2016).

2.10.    Osteogenic and osteo protective activity:

On osteoblasts, cajanin isolated from stem bark methanolic extract of BM has significant mitogenic and differentiation-promoting actions. But it was shown that iso formononetin has powerful anti-apoptotic and osteoblast differentiation-promoting properties. An extract of the stem bark from BM has osteogenic and osteo protective qualities(Bajpai et al., 2018).

2.11.        Anthelmintic activity:

Palasonin, a substance isolated from Butea monosperma seeds, possesses anti-helminthic properties(Rahal et al., 2022). A dose- and time-dependent anthelmintic effect was seen when seeds were given as crude powder at doses of 1, 2, and 3 g/kg to sheep that were spontaneously infected with a variety of gastrointestinal worms. After treatment with 3 g/kg, the highest decrease in eggs per gramme of faeces, of 78.4%, was seen on day 10. Standard anthelmintic levamisole (7.5 mg/kg) demonstrated a 99.1% reduction in eggs per gramme(Methaniya et al., n.d.). Different species of Butea have been found to have anthelmintic effects against Ascaridiagalli, Ascaris lumbricoides, earthworms, toxocaracanis, oxyurids, dipylidium caninum, and taenia. A methanol extract of Butea monosperma seeds demonstrated considerable in vitro anthelmintic activity(Veerakumari, 2015).

3.      Conclusion:

Numerous plant species have great potential for treating a wide range of illnesses and infectious diseases, one illustration of this is Butea monosperma. The herb Butea monosperma has been used experimentally and clinically in both animals and people to treat a variety of diseases. To effectively use Butea monosperma as a therapeutic agent, further pertinent investigations are required to ascertain the mechanism by which it manifests medicinal potential. These effects also need to be proven utilising clinical trials. To represent the presence of phytochemical compounds such flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenes, Z-amyrine, lipids, etc., the current overview is necessary. The four main secondary metabolites, butin, butein, butrin, and isobutrin, give this plant its value. The flower has a significant amount of flavonoids that improve its abilities as an antiviral, anticancer, anti-diabetic, wound-healing, therapeutic property, and anti-inflammatory agent. Numerous pharmacological and clinical investigations describing the distinct bioactivity of plant extracts have confirmed the plant's numerous traditional benefits for treating a variety of ailments. Thus, it was determined that Butea monosperma has a wide range of research in contemporary inventions, not only in the impact on biodiversity but also in the development of pharmaceutical studies to combat pathetic disease.

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