5.6.  Green credentials

DESs are safer, cleaner, and more sustainable. DESs could provide a "greener" substitute for a number of conventional ILs and the unique properties of DESs are responsible for widely significant compare to other ILs basis environmental impact, such as a, non-flammability, less toxicity, recyclable, environmentally friendly and biodegradability etc, green tools of DESs show in scheme 1.4 and scheme 1.5 [109-110].

5.7.  Ionic conductivity

Most DESs have weak ionic conductivities due to their relatively high viscosities (lower than 2 mS cm^-1 at room temperature). As conductivity declines, viscosity rises [111]. The conductivities of DESs frequently increase with temperature because the viscosity of the DESs decreases. Changes in the organic salt/ HBD molar ratio clearly have a large effect on DES conductivities because they also have a considerable impact on DES viscosities [112].These unique properties make DESs highly valuable in green chemistry, energy storage, pharmaceuticals, and industrial applications [113-117].

5.8.  Surface tension

The energy needed to raise the surface area per unit area is known as surface tension, and it is produced at the contact by intermolecular forces [118]. Surface tension is a basic fluid feature. It is affected by temperature and the strength of DES intermolecular contacts [119], and it affects the effect of DES in mass transfer interfacial processes [120]. Most DESs have a surface tension that is greater than that of traditional solvents [121]. The interactions between HBD and HBA have a considerable impact on the DES surface tension. The surface tension of DESs is influenced by the strength of the connections between HBD and HBA [122]. Together with a comparison to ionic liquids that include discrete anions and specific molecular solvents, Table 2 provides a few instances of physical properties for a number of DES types at the eutectic composition at 298 K. In contrast to other ionic liquids (ILs) and molecular solvents, DESs have relatively high viscosities and low conductivities. The large ion sizes and relatively free space in the ionic systems are thought to be the reason of this discrepancy. The high ion sizes and comparatively huge free volume in the ionic systems have been blamed for this discrepancy. ILs have viscosities that are significantly higher than those of the most widely used molecular solvents. It shows that the viscosity has an Arrhenius trend with temperature and that the activation energy of viscous flow has a wide range of values.

5.9.  Phase changes in behavior

The difference, ΔT_f, between the freezing point at the eutectic composition of a binary mixture of A and B and that of a theoretical ideal mixture is independent of the degree of interaction between A and B. The more the interaction, the greater the ΔTf. Figure 4 depicts this schematically. Let's start with eutectics of type I: The quaternary ammonium salt's halide anion will interact with various metal halides to form identical halometallate classes with comparable enthalpies of formation. Therefore, ΔT_f values should fall between 200 and 300 °C. It has been found that a metal halide's melting point frequently has to be 300 °C or lower in order for a eutectic to form at room temperature. Therefore, it is easy to comprehend why eutectics are produced at room temperature by metal halides such as FeCl₃ (308) [123], AlCl₃ (mp=193°C) [124], SnCl2 (247) [124], ZnCl₂ (290) [125], InCl₃ (586) [126], CuCl (423) [127], and GaCl₃ (78) [128]. Metal salts such as SbCl₃ (mp = 73°C), BeCl₂ (415), BiCl3 (315), PbBr₂ (371), HgCl₂ (277), and TeCl₂ (208) may also be predicted to create ambient temperature eutectics, but they have not yet been investigated.

On the other hand, reduced melting point Because quaternary ammonium compounds have a lower melting point due to fewer symmetrical cations, they are eutectic. To add more metals to the DES formulations, type II eutectics were created. It was discovered that the melting point of the associated anhydrous salt was greater than that of metal halide hydrates. It is clear that by reducing the lattice energy, the waters of hydration lower the melting point of metal salts. As shown in Fig. 4, a lower melting point of the pure metal salt (ΔT_f) will lead to a smaller depression of the freezing point (ΔT_f). The eutectic point concept explains the physical properties of DESs at the eutectic composition; the mixture forms a homogeneous liquid with the lowest melting point due to maximal disruption of crystal structures through intermolecular interactions like hydrogen bonding [129].

6.   Comparison of DES with conventional solvents and ionic liquids

Green chemistry has seen a surge in interest due to the introduction of Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) as a substitute for traditional solvents and Ionic Liquids (ILs). DESs are very promising for environmentally friendly, less toxic, biodegradable, non-volatile, and it is made from biomolecules etc. since they have distinct advantages over both conventional organic solvents and ILs. A comparative study of DES is presented in this section, emphasising both its advantages and disadvantages [130]. DESs be considered a more sustainable option than ionic liquids, even though both are alternatives to organic solvents DESs are typically made from cheap, abundant, and biodegradable components (e.g., choline chloride, urea), unlike many ILs, which are expensive, less biodegradable, and may have toxicity concerns. DESs support green chemistry principles in terms of synthesis and disposal better than conventional solvents based on easy preparation, mild reaction conditions, recyclability, and low environmental persistence and reduced hazardous waste generation [131].

6.1.  Advantages of DES over traditional organic solvents

Chemical synthesis, extraction, and industrial applications have made extensive use of traditional organic solvents like benzene, acetone, methanol, and dichloromethane. They frequently have toxicity, volatility, and environmental persistence, though, which raises major ecological and health issues. DESs are often easier to synthesize, and more scalable, with less regulatory and toxicity concern compared to ionic liquids, making them better suited for industrial use [132].

6.2 Low toxicity and biodegradability

Since many DES are made of naturally occurring substances (such as glycerol, urea, and choline chloride), they are naturally less hazardous and biodegradable than solvents derived from petroleum.

DESs are typically non-toxic and biodegradable, in contrast to many conventional organic solvents (such as acetone, benzene, and chloroform), which can be dangerous and persistent in the environment [133]. The environmental impact of many DESs is decreased because they are made from natural, environmentally beneficial ingredients such choline chloride, urea, glycerol, and amino acids. They are safer for use in laboratories and industries because of their low volatility, which reduces exposure dangers and air pollution. DESs are favoured in applications including food processing, cosmetics, and medicines where toxicity is an issue because to their biocompatibility [134].

6.2.  Non-volatile nature

The DES their low vapour pressure, in contrast to volatile organic solvents (VOCs), minimises air pollution and lowers the chance of being exposed to dangerous vapours. DESs are special solvents due to its melting point low compare to its individual components.  DESs are non-volatile in contrast to conventional organic solvents (such as ethanol, acetone, and chloroform), which have high vapour pressures and evaporate readily [135]. It’s very safer useful in industrial and laboratory chemical due to it is a environmentally friendly this properties make its special, decrease the health hazardous.  DESs are perfect for extraction procedures, high-temperature applications, and the production of eco-friendly chemicals. They serve as sustainable green solvents in part because they are non-volatile [136].

6.3.  Non- flammability

DESs of their strong ionic connections and low vapour pressure, DESs are naturally non-flammable, in contrast to many conventional organic solvents (such as ethanol, acetone, and ether), which are extremely flammable [137]. Due to this characteristic, they are safe to use in large-scale chemical reactions, laboratories and industrial processes, reducing the risk of fire. their stability at high temperatures, they are suitable for metal processing, electrochemistry and thermal applications. Because non-flammability removes the need for additional safety measures required for volatile organic solvents, it also improves storage and transportation safety. this characteristic, DES are a safe choice in sustainable and green chemistry [138].

6.4.  Enhanced solubility

DES are suitable for catalytic and extraction applications due to their special solving unique power for a wide variety of substances, such as metal oxides, biopolymers and drugs. for a wide variety of chemicals, including organic, inorganic and polymer materials, DESs show exceptional solubility. They are more effective than many conventional solvents at dissolving metal oxides, proteins, carbohydrates and drugs [139]. They work well for metal extraction, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and biomass processing because of their ability to interact with solutes and break hydrogen bonds. By some modification in their structure of DESs the HBD and HBA, DES can be made to dissolve particular molecules in the way [140].

6.5.  Easy and low-cost preparation

DES is formed by combination a HBD and a HBA, often under moderate circumstances with just heating and stirring [141]. DES may be formed without costly reagents or dangerous methods. Because DES are composed of glycerol, urea, and choline chloride, they are frequently inexpensive, readily available, and biodegradable. Their practical significance is further enhanced by the ease of preparation which enables adaptation to particular industrial or laboratory requirements. Because of this, DES are a desirable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly they alternative to traditional solvents such as ionic liquids [142].

7.   Differences between DES and ILs

Ionic Liquids (ILs) have been extensively researched as environmentally friendly solvents because of their great thermal stability, tunability, and low volatility [143-149]. In some cases DESs are similar to ILs Both are low-melting-point liquids, often composed of ionic or hydrogen-bonding species, and are used as green alternatives to volatile organic solvents. They share low vapor pressure, tunability, and chemical stability [150-151]. DES, however, have a number of unique benefits that increase their attractiveness for applications involving green chemistry (Table 4) [152].

8.   Applications of DES in green chemistry

DESs in green chemistry because of its exceptional solubility qualities, cheap cost, non-toxic, and biodegradable components, and ecologically friendly character, Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) are becoming more and more popular in the field of green chemistry [153]. These solvents are very appealing in a variety of chemical processes, especially those that adhere to the sustainable development principles, because they provide an environmentally benign substitute for conventional organic solvents and ionic liquids [154]. The use of DESs in synthesis, extraction, catalysis, biochemistry, and environmental applications will be the main topics of this article's discussion of green chemistry applications. Some challenges during facing when use of DESs such as high viscosity, Limited data on long-term toxicity, Water sensitivity of some formulations (hygroscopicity), Lack of standardization eg. naming, classifying, benchmark DESs [155].

8.1.  Extraction and separation processes

Organic solvents that are poisonous, combustible, and non-biodegradable are frequently utilised in extraction procedures, particularly those used in waste treatment, metal recovery, and the isolation of natural products [156-157]. Because DESs can extract different molecules from natural sources selectively and with little harm to the environment, they provide a green option for these procedures [158-160].

8.1.1. Liquid-liquid extraction

The use of DESs in liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is among their most important uses in green chemistry [161-163]. DESs eliminate the need for dangerous organic solvents like hexane or dichloromethane by effectively extracting bioactive substances from plants and natural sources, including essential oils, alkaloids, and polyphenols [164]. DESs provide benefits in terms of extraction efficiency, selectivity, and benign operating conditions [165]. Choline chloride and lactic acid, for instance, have been employed as a DES to extract antioxidants from plant sources [166]. Polar chemicals are selectively extracted by the DES, while non-polar substances are left behind. This characteristic is very helpful for the environmentally friendly extraction of valuable compounds from biomass. DESs compare to other organic compounds e.g. hexane DES different basis such as DESs tunable polarity depending on components but hexane is non-polar DESs consider   green solvent but hexane is volatile and toxic in nature. DESs is non-volatile and hexane is volatile [167].

8.1.2. Metal extraction and recovery

DES are becoming more and more effective solvents for the extraction of metals, especially heavy metals, precious metals, and rare earth elements [168]. Old-style metal extraction methods often involve the use of strong and toxic solvents such as sulfuric or nitric acid, which can produce a lot of waste and be hazardous to the environment [169].  Metals such as copper, nickel and gold have been successfully extracted and recovered DES [170]. These solvents provide a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional acidic leaching processes by having the ability to selectively dissolve metal salts or complexed metal ions [171]. And also DES has the ability to be recycled and reused, which is increasing process sustainability [172-176].

8.2.  Synthesis of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals

Green chemistry aims to replace often hazardous solvents and reagents with safer, more environmentally friendly solvents and reagents [177]. DES provides a useful way to synthesize agricultural chemicals, drugs, and fine chemicals [178]. DES are efficient solvents for a variety of chemical reactions, including those that are challenging or impossible to work with conventional solvents due to their broad dissolution spectrum of organic and inorganic molecules [179-180].

8.2.1. Organic synthesis

Because DESs can offer a cleaner, more effective medium for processes including condensation, acylation, and alkylation, their application in organic synthesis is growing [181]. For instance, DESs can take the place of dangerous solvents that are frequently employed in organic reactions, such as benzene, dichloromethane, or chloroform [182]. Because DESs' solubility characteristics are highly adjustable based on the donor and acceptor components, they are very helpful in reactions that call for a polar media [183]. DESs based on choline chloride are frequently employed in the synthesis of organic chemicals, including amides, alkylated products, and esters. ChCl + urea, for example, has been demonstrated to effectively catalyse processes like the esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols [184]. Particularly efficient in reactions involving biomass and carbohydrates, glycerol-based DESs contribute to the sustainable synthesis of compounds from renewable feedstocks. These reactions become more environmentally benign when DESs are used in place of conventional solvents because they produce less waste, have better atom efficiency, and produce less hazardous byproducts [185].

8.2.2. Pharmaceutical applications

Considering their solubilising properties, non-toxicity, and biodegradability, the pharmaceutical industry has been actively investigating DESs for medication formulation and production [186]. Numerous DESs can function as solvents or excipients in pharmaceutical formulations and solvate poorly soluble medications. Choline chloride + urea DESs, for instance, have been used to make poorly water-soluble chemicals more soluble and hence more accessible [187]. Furthermore, DESs can serve as controlled drug release carriers, providing a more environmentally friendly substitute for the traditional synthetic polymers and solvents frequently used in drug delivery systems [188]. They are especially appealing for use in pharmaceutical processing, such as dissolution research, gel production, and tablet formation, because to their non-volatility and biodegradability [189-190].

8.3.  Catalysis in green chemistry

A important idea in green chemistry is catalysis, which makes it possible for developments to continue more effectively while producing fewer byproducts. Since they can offer a special medium for both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic processes [191], DESs have been more and more investigated as solvents in catalysis [192-193].

8.3.1. Homogeneous catalysis

DES has the ability to act as both solvent and catalytic media in homogeneous catalysis [194]. DESs can dissolve reactants, stabilise catalysts, and potentially participate in the reaction process (by serving as proton donors or acceptors), improving reaction efficiency and selectivity. DES are perfectly suited for a variation of catalytic activities, such as esterification, transesterification, and the invention of carbon-carbon bonds, because of the solvent's capability to solvate reactants and promote effective catalytic reactions. For example, choline chloride and urea can be used as a medium in the Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction to improve reactant solubility and give the catalyst a stable environment [195].

8.3.2. Heterogeneous catalysis

In heterogeneous catalysis, DES are also used to enhance reactions that require a solid-liquid interface or to aid dispersion of the solid catalyst.  DESs they can dissolve both organic and inorganic species while preserving enzyme stability, they are particularly helpful in biocatalysis and enzyme-catalyzed processes [196]. DES are adjustable, it is possible to optimize enzyme activity by adjusting variables such as solvent polarity and viscosity. For example, in enzyme-catalyzed transesterification reactions, choline chloride + urea DES has been employed. In these reactions, DES improves the stability of the enzyme and the solubility of the reactants, thereby increasing yields and reaction rates [197].

8.4.  Biochemical and biomolecular applications

In bioscience DESs used as solvents for DNA extraction, enzymatic fixation etc [198].  These uses provide a bio-compatible and ecologically safe medium for biological reactions, consistent with the ideas of green chemistry [199].

8.4.1. Enzyme stabilization

In various industrial applications, including waste treatment, biocatalysis, and biodiesel production, DES are being used more and more to stabilize enzymes. Because DES can dissolve both polar and non-polar substances, the enzymes can function in a wide range of environments and maintain their stability and activity [200]. For example, choline chloride + urea DES has been demonstrated to preserve the activity of enzymes such as lipase and protease, enabling them to function in processes that would be difficult to accomplish with conventional organic solvents [201].

8.4.2. DNA and RNA extraction

When extracting DNA/RNA from plant and animal cells, DES like choline chloride + glycerol is used [202]. DES are used in genomic extraction because DES are lightweight, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) can be extracted without degrading or denaturing them. DESs provide a more environmentally friendly alternative to hazardous chemicals such as phenol and chloroform, which are often used in molecular biology laboratories. DESs have several benefits, including improved nucleic acid stability, selective solubility, low toxicity for sensitive biomolecules, and efficient recovery without the use of harmful organic solvents [203].

8.5.  Environmental applications

There is huge potential for environmental purposes. They are helpful in treating industrial waste streams and reducing environmental hazards due to their wide range of solubilizing abilities. its industrial and biochemical applications, DES has applications in waste treatment, pollution prevention, and contaminated site cleanup [204-205].

8.5.1. CO₂ capture

DES such as choline chloride + urea can be used to remove CO₂ from flue gases, providing a green alternative to traditional solvents based on amines. Due to their ability to absorb and decompose CO₂ they can be used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes. DES have been investigated as potential solvents for environmental applications. DESs can be High capacity and recyclability enable selective CO₂ absorption. Effectively dissolve lignocellulosic biomass, allowing for more environmentally friendly biofuel and biochemical synthesis [206-207].

8.5.2. Removal of heavy metals

DES has been used in wastewater treatment to eliminate heavy metals from contaminated water, including lead, mercury and cadmium etc. This hazardous heavy metal can be effectively removed from industrial effluents due to their ability to dissolve and form complexes with metal ions [208-209].

9.   Environmental and economic considerations

DESs have recently attracted much interest due to their special properties and potential use in many fields. Typically created by combining a HBD and HBA these solvents are renowned for their ability to dissolve a wide variety of substances, including biomolecules and both organic and inorganic chemicals DES are therefore often seen as an economically and environmentally suitable alternative to conventional solvents. To properly evaluate their sustainability and feasibility, the impacts of DES on the environment and economy must be carefully considered. The main economic and environmental factors related to DES are given below [210-212]

9.1.  Environmental considerations as a low toxicity and biodegradability

The low toxicity and potential biodegradability of DES are two of its biggest advantages. Due to their low toxicity, DES can be used in biochemical and pharmaceutical applications where biocompatibility and safety are essential DES also used in industrial and laboratory applications, DES is a safe and eco-friendly option. Many conventional solvents, such as dichloromethane, benzene and chloroform, are harmful to both human health and the environment and often require careful handling and disposal. When non-toxic DES are used there are fewer health and environmental problems during manufacturing, storage and disposal because they reduce exposures and contamination hazards [213-215].

9.1.1 Reduced environmental impact

DES are non-volatile and have extremely low vapor pressure, they are often promoted as a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional organic solvents. This feature greatly reduces the potential for air pollution, often caused by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can cause smog and other problems with air quality. DES are more effective than traditional solvents in industrial settings due to their non-volatility, which also results in lower evaporation rates, which reduces solvent loss during chemical reactions. Furthermore, by facilitating more environmentally friendly industrial processes, green solvents like DES have the potential to reduce the overall carbon footprint. For example, its application in CO₂ capture, biomass processing and metal extraction offers the potential to boost recycling and waste reduction while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. By substituting DES for hazardous solvents many processes can be carried out under benign conditions, reducing energy use and hazardous emissions [216-217].

9.1.2   Solubility and waste minimization

DES reducing hazardous waste and increasing recovery yield, this further strengthens their environmental credentials. DES are highly soluble in a wide range of chemicals, allowing them to be employed in clean chemical reactions, reducing waste generation. This characteristic is beneficial in areas where reducing solvent waste can result in financial and environmental savings, such as bioengineering, pharmaceuticals, and precision chemical synthesis. Additionally, DES are often reusable and recyclable, which reduces waste and improves the sustainability of chemical operations. Furthermore, by using DES in extraction processes, valuable compounds can be effectively separated from waste streams or biomass without the use of hazardous solvents [218-219].

9.2.  Economic considerations

9.2.1. Cost-effective synthesis

Low cost of synthesis is one of the main economic recommendations of DES. Traditional solvents often require expensive, complex manufacturing processes that use hazardous chemicals and require a lot of energy. DES, on the other hand, are usually made from inexpensive, easily accessible and renewable materials.  Ex. carboxylic acid, produced using urea, glycerol and choline chloride. Because of this, DES are less expensive to make than many conventional organic solvents, which rely on feedstock derived from petroleum or other specialized raw materials. Furthermore, DESs are generally simple to prepare, requiring only mild heating and mixing. This enables their widespread use in both laboratory and industrial settings by making the preparation process economical and scalable [220- 225].

9.2.2. Reduced operational and disposal costs

DES are non-flammable and have minimal volatility, making them less expensive to handle, store and ship. DES does not require expensive safety precautions, such as ventilation systems or explosion-proof equipment, which are often required for volatile solvents, because they do not provide a major risk of fire or explosion. For industrial facilities using DES on a large scale, this can reduce operating costs. Additionally, DES are often safer and less expensive than traditional solvents, which often require special treatment and disposal methods to reduce their environmental impact, because they are non-toxic and biodegradable. DES can often be recycled and reused, reducing overall solvent management costs [226-227].

9.2.3. Increased process efficiency

In various chemical processes, the improved solubility and selectivity of DES can result in increased yields and accelerated reaction times. For example, DES can increase reaction speeds in metal extraction, biocatalysis, and organic synthesis, resulting in more efficient processes [228-229]. Faster reflexes translate into cheaper operating costs since they demand less time and energy to perform industrial operations. Furthermore, because DESs can dissolve a large variety of chemicals, less reagents and solvents need to be employed, which simplifies production and further reduces costs [230].

10.    Future perspectives and research directions

The promise of DESs as environmentally friendly substitutes for ionic liquids and traditional solvents is demonstrated by their quick rise in popularity in green chemistry [231-232]. But even with their benefits, there are also a number of difficulties. The main research avenues, technical developments, and potential uses of DESs are examined in this section [233-235].

10.1.   Enhancing the physicochemical properties of DES

Optimising the physicochemical features of DES to increase their application is one of the primary research issues in their development [236-237]. Future studies ought to concentrate on:

10.1.1.  Reducing viscosity

High viscosity can limit mass transfer in chemical reactions. Strategies such as adding co-solvents, structural modifications, and temperature control can improve DES performance [238].

10.1.2.  Improving thermal stability

The use of certain DES in high-temperature industrial processes is limited since they deteriorate at high temperatures. Investigations into DES formulations that are resistant to heat are required [239].

10.1.3.  Fine-tuning polarity and hydrophobicity

The strong hydrophilia of many DESs restricts their use in non-polar settings. The creation of hydrophobic DESs may increase their application in polymer synthesis, extraction, and catalysis. Expand their applicability by modifying the components (for example, utilising hydrophobic hydrogen bond donors); DESs may be customised to dissolve a wide variety of polar or non-polar compounds, increasing their solvent flexibility in extraction, catalysis, and materials synthesis [240].

10.2.   Expanding industrial and commercial applications

Although DES are extensively researched in lab settings, widespread industrial adoption is still in its infancy [241-242]. Future paths consist of:

10.2.1.  DES in carbon capture and climate change mitigation

A viable substitute for amine-based absorption systems, DES has been investigated for CO₂ absorption and sequestration [243]. The development of highly effective CO₂-philic DES has the potential to transform carbon capture technology [244-246].

10.2.2.  DES in energy storage and renewable energy

DES may be used as electrolytes in fuel cells, batteries, and supercapacitors to increase sustainability and energy efficiency [247-248]. To improve ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability for real-world energy applications, more research is required [249].

10.2.3.  DES in food and pharmaceutical industries

Bioactive substances are extracted and purified using DES for use in nutraceuticals and functional meals. creation of drug delivery methods compatible with DES to increase medication solubility and bioavailability [250-255].

10.2.4.  DES for sustainable waste management

DES is being researched for recycling electronic waste, rare earth materials, and polymers.
The circular economy concept may be enhanced by more effective DES-based waste treatment technology [256-257].

10.3.   Regulatory frameworks and safety assessments

The development of standardised regulatory norms is necessary for the widespread adoption of DES in food, pharmaceutical, and environmental applications [258-275]. Future studies ought to look into:

10.3.1.  Toxicity testing and biodegradability studies

Creating thorough toxicity databases for different DES compounds [276-279].

10.3.2.  Eco-toxicological impact

Assessing DES's long-term consequences on the ecosystem in terms of soil, water, and air [280-286].

10.3.3.  Global standardization

Creating global standards for the synthesis, processing, and disposal of DES in order to guarantee sustainability and safety [287-297].

11.    Conclusion

DESs With several applications in extraction, electrochemistry, green chemistry, catalysis, and pharmaceuticals, DESs have emerged as a well-liked, cost-effective, and eco-friendly solvent. Their low toxicity, biodegradability, and tunability make them a potential replacement for conventional solvents and ionic liquids. However, problems including high viscosity, limited industrial scalability, and long-term environmental impact need further research. Future advancements in computational modelling, AI-driven solvent design, and regulatory frameworks will be crucial to overcoming these challenges and realising DES's full potential. DESs has the potential to revolutionise sustainable chemistry and help create a cleaner, greener future with sustained innovation and Interdisciplinary collaboration regarding DESs require to play a role in advancing DES research and practical application. This requires collaboration among chemists, engineers, toxicologists, and industrial partners to optimise formulations, evaluate safety and lifecycle impacts, scale up green processes, and develop application-specific DES systems.

ABBREVIATIONS

List of abbreviations

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION

The manuscript was written through the contributions of all authors. All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.

CREDIT AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT

Dr. Benvikram Barman: writing first drafts writing, Is done done by Dr. Manoj Kumar Banjare possesses expertise in various areas including methodology, is reviewed and edited, visualisation, and project administration. Dr. Bhupendra Singh Banjare and Dr. Doly Baghel is done editing, Dr. Amit Kumar Chaturwedi is done review processes, software, verification, Dinesh Tandon is done formal analysis, and Research, tools, data curation. 

DATA AVAILABILITY

Data sharing not allowed.

NOTES

All authors declare no competing financial interest.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I acknowledge to Dr. Manoj Kumar Banjare Chemistry Division, State Forensic Science Laboratory, Tikrapara, Pujari Park, Raipur, CG, 492001, India he is provide idea for wrting this review.

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