Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Spectral evaluation in Chrysanthemum flower species

Aishwariya Shukla¹, Shobhana Ramteke^1*, Bharat Lal Sahu², Manas Kanti Deb¹

¹School of Studies in Environmental Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur-492010, CG, India.

²Department of Chemistry, Guru Ghasidas Central University, Bilaspur, CG 495009, India.

Abstract.

The current study's goal was to identify the various functional groups found in chrysanthemums using FTIR Spectroscopy. The FTIR spectrometer identifies 4000 series, with a scan range of 4,000–400 cm-1, was used to perform the FTIR analysis. The presence of distinct peak values with various useful mixtures of functional groups, including hydroxy groups (̶ OH), aliphatic, metal carbonyl, alcohols (̶ OH), nitrile (̶ C≡N), phenols, alkynes (CnH2n-2), ketones (C=O), carboxylic acids (R−COOH), amides (̶ CONH2), and aromatics, was revealed by FTIR spectroscopy analysis. The FTIR investigation showed that there were 17 functional groups in the chrysanthemum flowers. The FTIR spectra showed an intense peak that correlated to the hydroxyl groups, phenol alcohol, and aromatic compounds, respectively, at 3348.42 cm^-1, 1380.02 cm^-1, and 1480.33 cm^-1 in various flower species. In light of this, the current investigation found that, in contrast to the extracts of Chrysanthemum flowers' leaves and bark, the flower extract had robust functional groups. FTIR spectroscopy was used to quantitatively analyse the flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and carotenoids present in the nine chrysanthemum cultivars' flowers.

Keywords: FTIR; Functional groups; Chrysanthemum flowers

Introduction

The present investigation assessed the total phenol, tannin, alkaloid, and flavonoid contents of Chrysanthemum extracts prepared in petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol. In order to extract the powdered wood material from the soxhlet device, a continuous hot percolation process was employed, with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol serving as the solvents. The standard used was gallic acid. Utilizing the proportions of aluminum to ethyl acetate, petroleum, and petroleum ether. For many centuries, plants have given humans access to herbal remedies for a variety of illnesses. Herbal medicines have been the cornerstone of traditional Indian medicine systems like Ayurveda, Unani, and Sidha for the treatment and curing of a wide range of ailments. Since ancient times, crude medicines derived from plants and animals have been utilised for their therapeutic properties through a straight forward process that does not require the isolation of pure compounds. The components of a crude medication determine its pharmacological action.

Therefore, a plant species can be considered biosynthetic for the chemical compounds it produces, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats that animals and humans use as food, as well as for the vast array of other compounds it produces, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, and others that have specific physiological effects. The majority of the intended positive attributes are caused by these chemical compounds. Asteraceae is the family of perennial plants that includes the species Chrysanthemum morifolium. One of the four most well-known chrysanthemum species in China is Chrysanthemum morifolium, also referred to as mums. Chrysanthemum morifolium has been described as having an affinity for the liver and lung systems, possessing a "acrid" taste and being "cool" in nature in accordance with traditional Chinese medical principles. Chrysanthemum is also said to be able to prevent fatigue and enhance vision, according to traditional Chinese medicine. Chrysanthemum can be used for sore and red eyes, headaches, dizziness, wind-heat type common cold, and swelling brought on by toxins. In [1-2] Flavonoids, polysaccharides, phenols, chlorogenic acid, volatile oils, and trace elements are the primary components of Chrysanthemum morifolium. The principal active ingredients are triterpenoids, volatile oils, and flavonoid compounds [3–8].

Flavonoids from Chrysanthemum morifolium have the potential to mitigate oxidative damage to the brain, liver, and kidney while also markedly enhancing the activity of antioxidases in the tissues of rats suffering from lead poisoning [10]. They can also relieve lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, vascular endothelial cells (VECs) induced to undergo apoptosis were found to be triggered by flavonoids derived from Chrysanthemum morifolium, which also upregulated Bcl-2 and downregulated high glucose-induced B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein expression [11]. Diabetes-related angiopathy may be treated by taking advantage of these advantages. Because of this, Chrysanthemum morifolium has medicinal value and can be used for both clinical and personal health purposes. According to Dong et al. (2007), molecular biology [12], property observation, and chemical composition are currently the methods used to identify the medicinal constituents of Chrysanthemums. These techniques do, however, have some unavoidable drawbacks, including their high cost, difficulty in analysis, difficulty in promotion, and lengthy processing times [13]. Thus, the development of an effective, quick, and thorough method to identify particular Chrysanthemum varieties at a reasonable cost is imperative.

Materials and Methods

Nine Chrysanthemum flower Plants were collected from nursery market of Raipur area during May 2023. Figure 1.  The plants collected were identified botanically in standard monographs [4,7]. The present study included n=09 Chrysanthemum plant samples which were  Chrysanthemum  (Bellis perennis),Chrysanthemum (Common red), Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum x grandiflorum), Chrysanthemum (white), Chrysanthemum (Pale-Purple), Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum X Morifollium), Chrysanthemum (Hardy chrysanthemum), Chrysanthemum (Happy Purple), Chrysanthemum (Pinkish White), Chrysanthemum (Mixed)

Figure 1: Representation of 09 different Chrysanthemum flowers samples

Preparation of Plant Extract

After the chosen plants' leaves and blossom petals were taken off, the dust particles were removed by running tap water. The flower petals and leaves samples were then allowed to air dry for a few days, after which they were ground into a fine powder and kept in polythene bags until needed. A test tube containing 0.1 g of plant powder was filled with 70% acetone and 70% ethanol water for quantitative and qualitative testing, respectively. The plant powder was allowed to soak in the liquid and sonicate in order to prepare an extract. Subsequently, the mixture was filtered using Whatman filter paper, and samples of the filtered extract of the chosen flowers and leaves were collected for additional phytochemical examination (Figure 2).

Figure:2 Representation of the procedure involved in the quantitative analysis of the flower samples.

Result and discussion

Phytochemicals found in restorative herbs are essential for providing traditional medical treatment for various ailments [12]. The main source of useful components for the advancement of novel chemotherapeutic agents is plants [13]. Using IR to vibrate molecular bonds in the flowers sample it absorbs, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a type of vibration spectroscopy. FTIR allows to obtain compound data on particles inside the specimen, and most examples have different sub-atomic bonds or unique sub-atomic bond configurations [14]. Investigation based on the peak values in the different region of IR radiation, the FTIR spectrum is used to identify the different functional groups of the active components present in the extract. The ethanolic extract of Chrysanthemum flowers contains a variety of chemical constituents, including alcohol, alkanes, aromatic carboxylic acid, halogen compounds, and alkyl halides, as confirmed by the results of FTIR spectroscopy.

Seventeen functional groups were identified from the ethanolic extract of Chrysanthemum flowers, as summarized in Table 1 and Figure 2. The H-bonded and O-H stretching vibrations are responsible for the strong instance peaks, which are located at 3347.42 and 1642.35 cm^-1. The carbonyl compound frequency vibration is associated with the peaks at 2090.84, 1990.54, and 1851.66 cm-1. It indicates that the ethanolic leaf extract contained some carbonyl compounds. The symmetric stretching of the -CH (CH2) vibration (lipids) is responsible for the peak at 2854.65 cm^-1. Other groups, such as carboxylic acids, nitriles, terminal alkynes, ketone compounds, aromatic compounds, phenol or tertiary alcohol, acid, are absorbed at 2533.89, 2445.59, 2344.44, 2276.00, 2137.13, 1642.35, 1480.33, 1380.03, 1225.73, respectively. [15]

By using FTIR analysis, the functional group is identified, and the active components are determined by looking at the peak value in the infrared radiation region. Using FTIR spectroscopy, the ethanolic flower extract of Chrysanthemum flowers is subjected to component functional group separation determined by peak ratio. Asymmetric stretching of the -CH (CH2) vibration, C=N (stretch), carbon-carbon triple bond, multiple bonding, carbonyl compound frequency, C=O stretch, C=C stretch, O-H bend, alcoholic group, C-N stretch, C-O stretch, =C-H bending, and C-Cl are among the functional groups that the FTIR analysis results confirm are present. The major peak values in Figure 2 are 3888.49, 3348.42, 2924.09, 2854.65, 2533.89, 2344.59, 2345.44, 2276.00, 2137.13, 2090.84, 1990.54, 1851.66, 1642.35, 1480.33, 1380.02 and 1225.73 cm^-1, respectively.

They protect the plant from fungi, harmful insects, and rain-induced mineral leaching. They also guard against bacteria and water loss [16]. Carboxylic acids have a significant part in the body's overall fat formation process. Aspirin is a carboxylic acid, and its acidity can cause sensitivity in certain individuals. Ibuprofen, a non-aspirin painkiller, is likewise a carboxylic acid [17]. The possible health benefits of these substances have sparked recent interest in them. Beneficial hydroxyl groups in flavonoids act as a buffer between their cell reinforcement and free radical scavenging and metal particle chelation [18, 19].

Figure. 2: FTIR Spectrum analysis of ethanolic extract of Chrysanthemum flowers

Conclusion

The plants under examination here may produce useful pharmaceuticals. In order to obtain valuable medicinal and antioxidant agents, we thus suggest further Chrysanthemum bioactive compound isolation, identification, purification, characterization, and structural clarification. This supports the claims regarding the therapeutic benefits of this plant as a curative agent as well as its traditional medicinal uses. The current investigation concludes that there is a discernible difference between the flower extracts of Chrysanthemum flowers according to the FTIR analysis. The comparison of the extracts from the leaves, barks, and flowers of Chrysanthemum flowers showed a great deal of variation, and it can be used to identify the portion of the plant that contained the highest concentration of phytoconstituents, which are useful as plant remedies for a variety of illnesses. The study's findings demonstrate the plant's medicinal value and suggest that more research should be done to identify its bioactive components and determine their relevance to the pharmaceutical and medical industries.

Acknowledge

The authors are thankful to the Head of the Department of the School of Studies in Environmental Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, for providing all the necessary facilities to execute research.

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