A Review on Extraction, Identification and Application of
Pesticidal Active Phytoderived Metabolites
Reena Jamunkar1,*, Deepak Sinha1,
Tarun Kumar Patle2, Kamlesh Shrivas3
1Department of Chemistry,
Government Nagarjuna Post Graduate College of Science, Raipur, CG-492010, India
2Department of Chemistry, Pt. Sundarlal Sharma (Open)
University, Chhattisgarh, Bilaspur-495009, India
3School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishanakar
Shukla University, Raipur-492010, CG, India
Abstract
Bioactive compounds obtained from plants, microorganisms and
minerals show some specific properties like insecticidal, herbicidal,
repellent, antifeedant and toxicant activities called bio pesticide. They have
specific modes of action against different pests. Due to their environmental eco-friendly
nature, low cost, economic effectiveness, less pollution, and target specific quality
they are in high demand in agriculture compared to chemical or synthetic
pesticides. Extraction, purification, identification and characterization of these
compounds from the plants materials are found always challenging. There are
various types of traditional and non-traditional methods of extraction have
been proposed such as maceration, distillation, ultrasonic-assisted extraction,
soxhlet extraction, enzyme assisted extraction, microwave assisted extraction,
accelerated solvent extraction, etc. have been reported for extraction of
bioactive ingredients from plants complex matrix samples. The chromatographic
separation techniques like thin layer chromatography(TLC), high performance
thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), high performance liquid chromatography
(HPLC) and gas chromatographic (GC) are used for their separation followed by
the identification in order to determine their structure with the help of
UV-Vis, fluorescence, NMR spectrometry, Fourier transforms infra-red
spectrometry (FTIR) and mass spectrometry (MS). This review summarized the
extraction procedure, formulation of biopesticide, structural identification
and their application in agriculture.
Key words: Biopesticides, Synthetic
Pesticide, Extraction, Identification, Formulation, Pesticidal Active
Components.
1. Introduction
Pesticide is a chemical compound used to control harmful pests
present in the soil and plants. Based on sources pesticides are categorized
into chemical or synthetic pesticides and Biopesticides. Chemical pesticides
contain various chemicals and polymers that act as carriers (Rakhimol et al.,
2020). These carriers are specific for different pests. They are used to
control weeds as herbicides, algae as algaecides, rodents as rodenticides,
insects as insecticides, nematodes as nematicides, molluscs as molluscicides,
termites as termiticides, mites as miticides, ticks as acaricides, fungi as
fungicides, bacteria as bactericides etc.(Farooq et al., 2019). Synthetic
pesticides are also classified based on active components present in them such
as dichlorvos, organochlorines, diazinons, chlorpyrifos, diamides, carbamates
etc. (Decool et al., 2024). Herbicides
are used to control weeds to facilitate crop management by preventing their
growth and increasing crop yields and commerciality (Thomson et al.,2016 ).
There are some herbicides such as bipyridyl, phosphomethyl, amino acids,
chloroacetanilides, chlorophenoxy compounds etc. that act as active ingredients
to eliminate the harmful targeted weeds (Ayilara et al., 2023). Fungicides are
used to protect plants against diseases caused by fungi by incapacitating or
killing them. There are some chemicals used as fungicides such as phthalamides,
dithiocarbamates, hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorophenol etc.(Ullah et al., 2019).
It is reported that dithiocarbamates and phthalamides are less phytotoxic, more
active and easier to prepare than other fungicides(Kumar et al., 2015).
Insecticides are active ingredients used to kill harmful insects and are usually
used in agriculture, industries and medicines (Abdollahdokht et al., 2022). DDT was the most
common insecticide produced during the Second World War (Garces et al., 2020).
Some chemicals such as anticholinesterases, avermectins, organochlorine,
pyrethroids and pesticidal active compounds isolated from plants like azadirachtin have also been
reported as insecticides (Abdollahdokht
et al., 2022). Algaecides are used to eradicate algae
from different surfaces. Fumigants such as phosphine, ethylene bromide show
broad spectrum activity against bacteria, fungi, insects etc.(Dogara et al.,
2022). Zinc phosphide, fluoroacetate derivatives, alpha naphthyl thiourea, and anticoagulants
act as rodenticides to control rodents such as rats, mice, squirrels,
chipmunks, woodchucks, nutria etc. Although these rodents play important roles
in nature they can damage crops, transmit diseases and be accountable for
ecological damage (Pathak et al., 2022). Organochlorines are chemical
pesticides used to kill silkworms and armyworms by altering the
electrophysiological properties and enzymatic properties of nerve cells (anikwe
et al., 2021). Diazinon is used to control Bactrocera invadens by
inhibiting the enzymatic acetylcholine sterase that is responsible for hydrolyzing
the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses (Kumar et al., 2021).
Urea derivatives interfere with the deposition, synthesis and polymerization of
chitin in dicotyledonous weeds and broom corn cereals (Liu et al., 2017).
Carbamic and thiocarbamide derivatives inhibit the choline sterases enzymes in
thrips (Frankliniella sp.) (Gupta et al., 2011). Diamide misregulates the
ryanodine receptor in Spodoptera exigua insects and mosquitoes (Teixeira et al., 2013). Although pesticides increase crop
production by killing harmful pests, improper use of them in agriculture leads
to changes in antioxidant levels and oxidative enzymes in human beings
resulting in various diseases caused by oxidative stress(Troczka et al., 2017). Chemical pesticides
face many drawbacks such as persistence in the soil, impact on living beings
(humans, animals, birds etc.) and environment, pest resistance, cost of
purchase and production, discarding of contaminated crops etc. that affect the
organic farms(Laxmishree et al., 2017). When chemical pesticides are used on a large
scale on the soil for agricultural purposes, they remain non-degradable.
Because of this, they persist in the environment for a longer time and leach to
the surfaces and underground water, resulting in loss of biodiversity and
pollution (Sharma et al., 2017). When chemical pesticides are applied on soil
most of the affected organisms are non-targeted. Reports show that
organophosphate and carbamate pesticides negatively affect nutrients present in
soil by chelating with some important metal ions and making them unavailable for
plant intake (Aktar et al., 2009). As well as plant reproduction, seed
production, photosynthesis phenomenon are adversely affected by chemical
pesticides(Pathak et al., 2022). Residues of chemical pesticides that remain in
food and crops are biomagnified in humans through food (fish, grains,
vegetables etc.), drinking water, pores of the skin (during pesticide spray),
post harvested crop preservation and breathing causes severe diseases such as
Parkinson’s disease, cancer, eye irritation, kidney diseases, diabetes,
hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, skin diseases, liver dysfunction etc. (Pathak
et al., 2022). High levels of pesticides i.e. 25-30% can lead to an increase in
mental problems and 50% cause brain cancer, leukaemia (Nicolopoulou-Stamati
et al., 2016).The continuous use of synthetic pesticides causes loss of
productivity of soil and quality of crop products. Since synthetic pesticides
directly kill the pests or deactivate them however they are also accountable
for soil pollution, loss of agricultural productivity(Rani et al., 2021). Harmful
effects of various chemical pesticides on human health are summarised in table
1.
Table 1. Harmful effect of chemical pesticides on human health
S.N.
|
Name of pesticides
|
Class
|
Effect on human health
|
References
|
1.
|
2,4-dichlorophenol
|
Organochlorine
|
1. Endocrine disruption activity
2. Cancer tumor promotor
|
Nikolaivits et al., 2020
|
2.
|
O, p- dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane
|
Organochlorine
|
1. Endocrine disruption activity
2. It causes breast cancer
|
Burr, 2014
|
3.
|
Dieldrin, endosulfane, dicofol, methoxychlor
|
Organochlorine
|
1. Affect embryonic development
2. Responsible for hematological hepatic alteration
3. Affect nervous system
4. Alzheimer and Parkinson’s disease
|
Jayaraj et al., 2016
|
4.
|
2,4 dichlorophenol+ dihydrotestosterone
|
Organochlorine
|
1. It causes prostate cancer
|
Singh et al., 2016
|
5.
|
Chlorpyrifos
|
Organophosphate
|
1. Inhibits cholinsterases and act as neurotoxin
|
Alzagaa et al., 2014
|
6.
|
Malathion and parathion
|
Organophosphate
|
1. Responsible for all types of cancer
specially for breast and thyroid cancer
2. Affect cellular growth and proliferation
3. It causes Asthma and reduce fertility in
both females and males by inhibiting the activity of endocrine hormones.
|
Ore et al., 2023
|
7.
|
Dimethoate
|
Organophosphate
|
1. Responsible for decrease in insulin
secretion.
2. Show genotoxic effect
3. Affect mitochondrial function
4. Show oxidative stress in placenta of
female
5. Responsible for Alzheimer and Parkinson’s
disease
|
Payra et al., 2023
|
8.
|
Glyphosate
|
Organophosphate
|
1. Affect human erythrocyte
2. Show endocrine disrupting activity
3. Show negative effect on male reproductive system
|
Kim et al., 2017
|
9.
|
Diazenon
|
Organophosphate
|
1. Responsible for ovarian cancer
|
Ore et al., 2023
|
10.
|
Atrazine
|
Triazine
|
1. Show oxidative stress, dopaminergic
effect and cytotoxic effect.
|
Živković Semren T, et al., 2018
|
11.
|
Simazine, ametryn
|
Triazine
|
1. Show reproductive toxicity
|
Zhan
et al., 2018
|
12.
|
Paraquat
|
Quaternary nitrogen compound
|
1. It causes neurodegenerative disease like
Parkinson’s.
2. Exhibits fibrosis
3. Responsible for toxicity in human
bronchial cell
|
Bromilow,
2003
|
13.
|
Aldicarb, carbofurane, zirane
|
Carbamate
|
1. Responsible for reproductive disorders
2. Affect cellular metabolic mechanism and
mitochondrial function
3. Induce necrosis and apoptosis in human
immune cell
|
|