Monitoring the Concentration of Lead in the Industrial Wastewater of Baloda Bazar District

Keshar Verma¹, Sudheer Bhoi¹, Yash Parhad¹, Manas Kanti Deb²

 ¹School of Studies in Environmental Science, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur CG

^2, School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur CG

*Corresponding Author: bhoisudheer08@gmail.com

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Abstract

Cement manufacturing Industries is one of the key sectors of the Indian Economy which has been rapidly growing at a rate over 8% and it is estimated to grow more. Balodabazar is known as the Cement Hub of Chhattisgarh, most of the cement industries are running in Balodabazar district of Chhattisgarh. They use plenty of water for the cooling processes at the time of cement manufacturing and discharging effluents into streams and rivers by polluting nearby water resources. In this work, the waste water quality assessment study is attempted by examining the physic-chemical parameters viz. Temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), TDS, DO, Total hardness, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, CL^-, SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, and PO₄^3-and also analysis of heavy metal element (lead)  is  described.  The abundance of cations and anions in the analyzed waste water sample is Ca (%)>Mg (%)>Na (%)> K (%) and SO₄^2-(%)>Cl- (%)>NO^3- (%)> PO₄^3- (%) respectively. The waste water is found to be acidic in nature and out of 17 samples 6-7 samples are contaminated by lead. It is inferred that the study area is moderately suitable. Almost all water bodies in India have been found to be contaminated by industrial activities. Although the CPCB’s strict guidelines apply to all industries in India, the current state of the environment is far from ideal. 

 Keywords: physic-chemical parameters, industrial effluents, waste water, pollution, Baloda bazar district, India

 Introduction

In previous days, wood was the main material for the construction of buildings, but now cement has taken its place. Due to indispensable nature of cement industry, it plays a major role in improving the living standard of human society. (3) Industrial waste water is one of the major contaminating sources in pollution of the water environment. Industries that use plenty of water for the processing have the potential to pollute waterways by discharging their wastes into the waterways. An industrial effluent of cement contains variety of chemicals and harmful products which spoils the soil quality, plants and aquatic life through various sources. (2)

Wastewater containing heavy metal constituents are mainly generated from industrial processes, Heavy metals are very dangerous in nature and causing carcinogenic because they can easily bio-accumulate in our bodies and resulting in increase of concentration of chemicals in the biological organism. A special emphasize in this study is on lead it is the most common toxic heavy metals in some inorganic industrial wastewater. (6)

Lead poisoning or exposure of high levels of lead may cause anemia, weakness, kidney failure, brain damage and very high exposure of lead may also cause death. Lead can cross the placental barrier, which means pregnant women who are exposed to lead can also exposed their unborn child. Lead can damage a developing baby’s nervous system. Cement is manufactured using clay, limestone in the ratio of 1:3 and mixed with 3% of gypsum and form the powdered substance (made into slurry by adding water in the wet process) and feeding into rotatory kiln. A flame of coal fire leaps up the tower at around 1400 0C, cement is formed. (2) The four main constituents of cement are dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate and tetra calcium aluminoferate(2) The effluent from cement industries mainly contains processed water, dissolved solids (Potassium and sodium hydroxide, chlorides and sulphates) and suspended solids (Calcium carbonate) when these mixed with the receiving water, it may trigger a synergetic changes in heavy metal contains pH, temperature, color, conductivity, suspended solids. The studied data of various physiochemical parameters are useful for providing the information about the nature of water environment. This study will provide specific information about the water quality standard of specific area. (5)

 Materials and methods

Location and Geology of study area

The geographical status of Balodabazar city is in the middle of 21.3000 54’ to 31.450 14’ Latitude and 42.020 17’ to 80.290 07’Longitude and in the height of 270meter from the mean sea level. Balodabazar is also called the Cement hub of Chhattisgarh because there are many reputed cement plant is situated like Ultra Tech Cement Hirmi, Grasim Cement Rawan, Ambuja Cement Ravan, Nuvoco Cement (Earlier Lafarge Cement) sonadih, Nu Vista Cement (Earlier Emami cement ) Risda, Shree Cement Khapradih. In this work, the quality of waste water released by the above mentioned industries are described.

 Water Sampling Procedure

Sixteen wastewater samples from five industries were taken .Sampling was carried out in the month of March (2022). Sampling involves taking 3-4 samples at each Industrial site from the various sampling locations. Before sampling 1 liter Polyethylene container was washed with detergent and dried to ensure that all water in the container evaporated. The containers were labeled accordingly with the alphabets or numbers.

 After sampling  nitric acid was dropped into all the polyethylene containers for sample preservation as described by Michael (1982) and APHA (1992).

 3.1.1 Sampling Points

S.No.	Samples	Location	Longitude/Latitude
1	Sample 1	Ultratech (Ameri)	21.560330/81.955688
2	Sample 2	Ultratech (Paraswani)	21.558516/81.956987
3	Sample 3	Ultratech (Kuthraud)	21.552432/81.957211
4	Sample 4	Ultratech (Saklor)	21.551384/81.961198
5	Sample 5	Ultratech (khapradih)	21.602791/82.035929
6	Sample 6	Ultratech (Ravan)	21.575962/82.014650
7	Sample 7	Shree Cement (Padkidih)	21.617857/82.022090
8	Sample 8	Shree Cement (Khapradih)	21.605128/82.038964
9	Sample 9	Shree Cement (Karhi)	21.626855/82.026408
10	Sample 10	Emami (Risda)	21.634188/82.108260
11	Sample 11	Emami (Khelwardih)	21.634459/82.089198
12	Sample 12	Ambuja (Rawan)	21.675473/82.100648
13	Sample 13	Ambuja (Pausari)	21.684381/82.109754
14	Sample 14	Ambuja (Maldi)	21.669546/82.053950
15	Sample 15	Lafarge (Raseda)	21.727288/82.209194
16	Sample 16	Lafarge (Sonadih)	21.754183/82.195402

 3.2 Water Quality Parameters

3.2.1 Physico-chemical Characteristics

Inorganic compounds and Organic compounds are the main in-charge for the pollution of water. They determine the measure of hardness, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, alkalinity etc. It is also caused by various microbial activities of microorganisms. The parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, hardness, COD and heavy metals know about the status of pollution in industrial wastewater were analyzed.

Color is a qualitative feature of water. With the help of its general condition, the water pollution can be assumed. If the color is dark grey or black, the water is typically septic, having undergone extensive bacterial decomposition under anaerobic conditions. The color of the sample was compared with the glass comparator and colorless distilled water. Color of water is determined using (HANNA POCKET SPECTROPHOTOMETER – HI727)

pH is considered to be the most important water parameter. The pH of Wastewater were less than 6 that means corrosive in nature and those having pH more than 9 will cause some metal ions to precipitate as carbonates or hydroxides. In this study, the extracted water sample were used for the analysis of pH by using (HANNA ANALYSER HI991300, 8424, 9142 pH/EC METER. )

Electrical conductivity shows the significant correlation with various other parameters. The electrical conductivity was measured with the help of an electrical conductivity meter (HANNA ANALYSER HI991300, 8424, 9142 pH/EC METER. ) Which determine the resistance offered by the water between two Platonized electrodes.

The suspended and dissolved solids in river water are considered as total solids. Solids that are able to settle can be removed by sedimentation. The extracted water samples were used for the analysis of TDS by using HANNA ANALYSER HI991300, 8424, 9142 pH/EC METER.Turbidity is an optical property which broadly describes the clarity or cloudiness of water. It is related to color, but with has more to do with the loss of transparency due to the effect of suspended particles and colloidal material. Turbidity of sample water is measured using (DIGITAL TURBIDITY METER,  Model no.-331)

Dissolved oxygen (DO) is the relative measure of the amount of oxygen (O₂) dissolved in water. DO and O₂  is measured using (HANNA PORTABLE DISSOLVED OXYGEN METER - HI9146) Hardness is produced in water due to various reasons by multivalent metallic cations. The total hardness in water is defined as the summary absorption of calcium and magnesium cations expressed in milligram equivalents per kilogram or microgram equivalents per kilogram. Hardness is determined by the EDTA method by alkaline condition. When EDTA was added as a titrate, Ca and Mg divalent ions formed complexes resulting in a sharp change from wine red to blue which indicates endpoint of the titration (Kaur and Malik, 2012; Islam et al., 2015).The concentration of sodium, potassium and lithium were determined by flame photometer (ANALAB FLAME PHOTOMETER) Calcium and Magnesium ion concentration was calculated using by EDTA titration method and P&R, EBT indicator.

Sulfate (SO₄^2-) ion was determined by using the ion selective method, by the taking ultra clean distilled water as a reference.Nitrate (NO₃^-) concentration in industrial waste water was measured, by multiplying value of Ammonia with factor “3.63”.  Ammonia is determined using pocket spectrophotometer (HI 733 Ammonia HR).Phosphate (PO₄^3-) concentration in industrial waste water was measured, by multiplying value of Phosphorus with factor “3”. The value of Phosphorus is determined using pocket spectrophotometer (HI 736 Phosphorus ULR). By using dilution factor of 1:3.

 Major Identification of Lead

Central India is rich in deposits of natural resource materials such as coal, pyrite, dolomite and alumina that contain Pb, and other heavy metals at the trace levels, and the substantial exploitation of these materials has tended to increased contamination of water and geological formations.

Result and Discussion

Table 1: Physical Parameter of Industrial wastewater of Balodabazar District

 Temperature

Temperature can be controls behavioral characteristics of organism’s solubility of gases and salts in water. Disease resistance is also linked to temperature. The temperature of industrial waste water was given in (Table 1). A slight variation in temperature of the waste water was observed during the measured, ranging from 28.1-30.6°C with the mean value of 29.20

 Acidity (pH)

The Acidity of water is measured in the term of pH value. The toxicity of heavy metals also gets enhanced at particular pH. Thus, pH is having primary importance to deciding the quality of waste water effluent. The pH value of industrial effluent samples was given (Table 1). The range of desirable pH of water prescribed for drinking purpose is 6.5- 8.5 (ISI and WHO). The range of pH value of effluent samples collected from different industrial is 5.4-6.9 with the mean value of 6.26 in the industrial effluent samples. The industrial waste water was found acidic in nature.

 Electrical conductivity (EC)

Electrical conductivity was found with the range of 646-1966µs/cm with the mean value of 1416.13µs/cm. The electrical conductivity of industrial effluent samples was given in (Table1).Conductivity is a good indicator to assess waste water quality. In present study high EC level was found with high saline. The EC value was good correlated with Na+, Mg+, TDS, Hardness and Alkalinity.

 Total dissolved solid (TDS)

TDS value of the industrial waste water was summarized in (Table 1). TDS values were found the range of 176.3-1966mg/L with the mean value of 1276.79mg/L. The TDS value was good correlation with EC.

 Hardness

The total hardness of the industrial waste water was summarized in (Table 1). The concentration varied from 160-940 mg/L with the mean value of 431.006mg/L. The total hardness was good correlated with EC, Na⁺, and NH₄⁺.

 Dissolved oxygen (DO)

Dissolved oxygen of the industrial waste water was found ranged from 4.46-6.49 mg/L with the mean value of 5.6125 mg/L. Its correlation with water body gives direct and indirect information e.g. bacterial activity, photosynthesis, availability of nutrients, stratification etc. dissolved oxygen decreased due to increase in temperature and also due to increased microbial activity. The dissolved oxygen was summarized in(Table 1).

 

Figure: 1. Correlation between pH and Cl^-

Figure: 2. Correlation between pH and NO^3-

Figure: 3. Correlation between pH and PO43-

  Figure: 4. Correlation between Conductivity and (Cl^-)

Figure: 5. Correlation between Conductivity and Na⁺

 Figure: 6. Correlation between Conductivity and Mg²⁺

 Figure: 7. Correlation between Conductivity and Turbidity

 Figure: 8. Correlation between Conductivity and Hardness

 Figure: 9. Correlation between Conductivity and TDS

 Figure: 10. Correlation between Conductivity and pH

 

Table 2: Chemical Parameter of Industrial wastewater of Balodabazar District

S.N.	Samples	Na+ (mg/L)	K+ (mg/L)	Ca+ (mg/L)	Mg+ (mg/L)	TH (mg/L)	Cl- (mg/L)	SO42- (mg/L)	NO3- (mg/L)	PO43- (mg/L)
1	S-1	92	98	740	140	880	72.5	243	14.2	1.368
2	S-2	62	72	212	48	260	38.2	806	13	1.116
3	S-3	15	18	156	44	205	29.7	1372	12.7	1.251
4	S-4	18	6	232	68	300	128	1320	11.7	1.15
5	S-5	17	52	352	48	400	56.8	1832	39.6	1.197
6	S-6	63	47	874.6	66.2	940.8	82.4	2206	42.2	1.404
7	S-7	63	51	689.2	71.6	760.8	81.7	503	41.6	1.278
8	S-8	17	17	189	50.6	239.6	53.3	906	9.8	1.107
9	S-9	16	17	269	51	320	42.6	353	8.02	1.332
10	S-10	21	3	128	36.8	164.8	95.9	278	9.63	1.125
11	S-11	20	7	204	56	260	20.9	1585	8.96	1.87
12	S-12	66	59	196	16	212	43.2	1896	38.9	1.179
13	S-13	37	45	126	34	160	135	496	36.5	0.8
14	S-14	22	22	102	22	124	88.8	726	10.9	1.17
15	S-15	31	15	840	101	940.6	129	487	13.3	1.179
16	S-16	38	18	650	78.5	728.5	42.8	1509	36.7	1.323

 Sodium and Chloride

The Na⁺ and Cl^- concentration in industrial waste water of this region is summarized in (Table- 2). The concentration of Na⁺ and Cl^- was ranged from 15-92 mg/L and 20.85-135.35 mg/L with the mean value of 37.37 mg/L and 71.26 mg/L, respectively. High Na⁺ and Cl^- value were observed in the waste water of many industries of this region. The Na⁺ concentration was good correlation with the value of EC, Cl^-, SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, and PO₄^3-. The Cl^- concentration was good correlated with the value ofEC, Na⁺,K⁺, Ca²⁺and Mg²⁺.

 Calcium and Magnesium

The Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ concentration in industrial waste water of this region is summarized in (Table- 2). The concentration of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ was ranged from 102-874mg/L and 16-140 mg/L with the mean value of 372.48 and 58.20 mg/L, respectively. The calcium concentration was good correlation with the value of Cl^-and SO₄^2-. The Mg²⁺ concentration was good correlated with the value of Cl^- and SO₄^2-.

 Potassium (K⁺)

The K⁺ concentration in industrial waste water of this region is summarized in (Table- 2). The K⁺ concentration in industrial waste water of this region is very high and ranged from 3-98 mg/L with the mean value of 34.14 mg/L.K⁺ ion has a good correlation with value of EC, Cl^-, SO₄^2-, NO₃^-and PO₄^3-.

 Nitrate

The NO₃^- concentration in industrial waste water of this region is high and summarized in (Table- 2). The NO₃^- concentration in industrial waste water was found ranged from 8.02-42.17 mg/L with the mean value of 21.71 mg/L. NO₃^-ions has a good correlation with value of Na⁺and K⁺.

 Sulfate (SO₄^2-)

The SO₄^2- content in industrial waste water was summarized in (Table-2). The SO₄^2- content in industrial waste water of this region is ranged from 243-2206 mg/L with the mean value of 1032.37mg/L.The sulfate concentration was good correlated with EC, Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺.

 Phosphate (PO₄^3-)

The PO₄^3- concentration in industrial waste water of this region is summarized in (Table- 2). The PO₄^3- concentration in industrial waste water of this region is ranged from 0.8-1.4 mg/L with the mean value of 1.240  mg/L. PO₄^3-ion has a good correlation with value of Na⁺ and K⁺.

 Figure: 11. Correlation between Conductivity and SO₄^2-

Figure: 12. Correlation between Conductivity and PO₄^3-

Figure: 14. Correlation between (Ca²⁺) and Hardness

Figure: 15. Correlation between (Na⁺) and Cl^-

Figure: 16. Correlation between (Ca²⁺) and Mg²⁺

Figure: 17. Correlation between (Ca²⁺) and Hardness

Figure: 18. Correlation between (Mg²⁺) and Hardness

Figure: 19. Correlation between (K+) and Turbidity

Figure: 20. Correlation between pH and (K⁺)

 

Spatial Distribution

 Figure: 21. Spatial Distribution of Cations

 Spatial Distribution

Figure: 22. Spatial Distribution of Anions

 Figure: 23. Relative abundance of ions in the Industrial waste water.

 Correlation Coefficient Analysis

 

The correlation matrix of water quality parameters examined was presented in Table24, which indicates –

●      -1 indicates a perfectly negative linear correlation between two variables.

●      0 indicates no linear correlation between two variables.

●      1 indicates a perfectly positive linear correlation between two variables.

 

	Ph	Temp	TDS	EC	Salt	DO	O2	COLOR	TURBIDITY	Na+	K+	Ca+	Mg+	TH	Cl-	SO42-	NO3-	PO43-
pH	1
Temp	-0.79	1
TDS	-0.05	0.04	1
EC	-0.37	0.5	0.357	1
Salt	-0.2	-0.1	0.134	-0.04	1
DO	0.137	-0.1	0.147	0.04	-0.08	1
O2	0.22	0.05	0.004	0.36	-0.27	0.502	1
COLOR	-0.17	-0.2	0.084	-0.26	0.46	0.091	0.07	1
TURBIDITY	-0.12	-0.1	0.134	-0.05	0.38	0.083	0.3	0.898	1
Na+	-0.66	0.56	-0.19	-0.03	0.13	-0.35	-0.1	0.431	0.4203	1
K+	-0.61	0.37	-0.05	-0.09	0.09	-0.37	-0.4	0.315	0.1738	0.85	1
Ca+	-0.37	0.27	-0.02	0	0.27	-0.32	-0.1	0.479	0.6464	0.54	0.316	1
Mg+	-0.21	0.19	-0.14	-0.32	0.18	-0.47	-0.4	0.231	0.2606	0.44	0.314	0.769	1
TH	-0.36	0.27	-0.03	-0.03	0.27	-0.34	-0.2	0.464	0.6209	0.54	0.322	0.998	0.81	1
Cl-	0.177	-0.3	-0.43	-0.21	0.01	-0.01	0.12	0.462	0.3261	-0	-0.1	0.183	0.16	0.18	1
SO	-0.31	0.34	0.21	0.53	-0.44	0.328	0.27	-0.22	-0.022	-0	-0.03	0.06	-0.26	0.03	-0.366	1
NO3-	-0.47	0.26	0.209	0.32	-0.09	0.086	0.06	0.488	0.5518	0.41	0.403	0.393	-0.08	0.35	0.0742	0.47	1
PO43-	-0.37	0.62	0.383	0.38	-0.04	-0.14	0.07	-0.34	-0.144	0.04	-0.12	0.263	0.29	0.27	-0.557	0.34	-0.15	1

 Table 24 –Correlation matrix among 16 parameters of industrial wastewater